RESUMO
Objective: To evaluate the association of impaired fasting glucose [IFG] with hypertension in Pakistani population. Study Design: A cross-sectional, analytical study. Place and Duration of Study: Shifa Community Health Centre, Islamabad from December 2016 to July 2017
Methodology: One hundred and eighty-seven hypertensive patients were included in the study, using consecutive sampling technique. Demographic, anthropometric, and laboratory data of the patients were recorded. Continuous variables were expressed as mean + SD and categorical variables as numbers and percentages. Differences among males/females and between hypertensive patients with normal, impaired fasting glucose and diabetes for risk factors were analysed, using independent sample t-test, ANOVA and chi-square test using SPSS version 24
Results: The mean age of patients was 52.98 +11.22 years. Females were 69.9% and males 30.1%. The total frequency of IFG in patients with hypertension was 42.6% and new onset diabetes 12.5% showing its close association with hypertension. There was no significant difference between males and females for risk factors [age, BMI, blood pressure, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol] except for more education, smoking, and high triglyceride in males. There was no significant difference among hypertensive patients with normal, impaired fasting glucose and diabetes for risk factors [gender, BMI, blood pressure, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol and family history] except for smoking
Conclusion: The significant association of impaired fasting glucose with hypertension necessitates early screening for impaired fasting glucose
RESUMO
Objective: To evaluate the association of impaired fasting glucose [IFG] with hypertension in Pakistani population
Study Design: A cross-sectional, analytical study
Place and Duration of Study: Shifa Community Health Centre, Islamabad from December 2016 to July 2017
Methodology: One hundred and eighty-seven hypertensive patients were included in the study, using consecutive sampling technique. Demographic, anthropometric, and laboratory data of the patients were recorded. Continuous variables were expressed as mean + SD and categorical variables as numbers and percentages. Differences among males/females and between hypertensive patients with normal, impaired fasting glucose and diabetes for risk factors were analysed, using independent sample t-test, ANOVA and chi-square test using SPSS version 24
Results: The mean age of patients was 52.98 +/-11.22 years. Females were 69.9% and males 30.1%. The total frequency of IFG in patients with hypertension was 42.6% and new onset diabetes 12.5% showing its close association with hypertension. There was no significant difference between males and females for risk factors [age, BMI, blood pressure, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol] except for more education, smoking, and high triglyceride in males. There was no significant difference among hypertensive patients with normal, impaired fasting glucose and diabetes for risk factors [gender, BMI, blood pressure, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol and family history] except for smoking
Conclusion: The significant association of impaired fasting glucose with hypertension necessitates early screening for impaired fasting glucose
RESUMO
Karachi is one of the worst affected cities of the world due to unchecked and still uncontrolled air pollution. Although few organizations have been working on this issue but spatial variations within metropolis have been largely ignored mainly due to less comprehension, under estimation of spatial techniques as well as difficulties in collecting, processing and analysing the data at micro geographic scales.Spatial interpolation is a pervasive operation. This technique of estimation has successfully used in many areas and applications such as to estimate the rainfall, temperatures, elevation and ground water extent etc. at the places where direct observations are not present.This study presents a methodology to develop a GIS based air pollution surfaces model by using continuous surface generation techniques. In this study, three interpolation techniques, for mapping the variation of point data over space, have been compared. The methods of spatial prediction used for the study are some deterministic interpolation methods such as Thiessen Polygons, Inverse Distance and Thin Plate Splines. Data used for the study comprised values of Carbon Monoxide [CO] observed at point locations, sparsely distributed in a core city area of Karachi. Different interpolation methods mentioned above have been compared to find out the best suitable method for studying the CO levels. Surface thus generated are useful for a wide range of purposes