Design and evaluation of tizanidine buccal mucoadhesive patches.

Mucoadhesive buccal dosage forms are becoming more popular and patient acceptable dosage forms. By this route advantages are many as the dose can be reduced, avoidance of first pass metabolism and liver toxicity, etc. The Tizanidine has first pass metabolism because of this the patient has to take more dose and two to three times in a day. To overcome this problem mucoadhesive patches of tizanidine are prepared and evaluated. Tizanidine is a non-selective, α-two adrenergic agonist receptor and used as muscle relaxant. The oral bioavailability of Tizanidine is 40%, because of first pass metabolism. The polymers used are polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl pyrolidine. FTIR and UV spectroscopic methods reveal that there is no interaction between tizanidine and polymers. The patches evaluated for various parameters and results are satisfied. In vitro release studies in phosphate buffer (pH, 6.6) exhibited drug release in the range of 71.68 to 97.27% in 90 min. The release of tizanidine from the patches followed first order, Higuchi’s model and mechanism diffusion rate limited. In vivo buccal absorption studies in rabbits showed 68.85% of drug releases from polyvinyl alcohol patch while it 67.52 to 88.31% within 90 min in human volunteers. Good correlation among in- vitro release and in- vivo studies observed.

Isolation of Mycobacterium chelonae from wound infection following laparoscopy: A Case Report.

M. chelonae is a rare cause of human infection and is difficult to diagnose unless suspected for the same. A 55 year old healthy gynaecologist, diagnosed to have right inguinal hernia, underwent laparoscopic hernioplasty, after which he showed signs of post-operative wound infection which was confirmed to be due to M. chelonae. Definitive identification of this species of mycobacterium was possible by growth characteristics and biochemical tests. The organism was sensitive to Kanamycin, Clarithromycin, Ciprofloxacin and Amikacin. However, complete recovery from infection was possible after prolonged treatment with antibiotics to which the organism was sensitive.

Wilm's tumor in a solitary kidney complicated by chemotherapy induced obstructive uropathy.

A three-year-old male child with Wilm's tumor of left kidney and right sided unilateral renal agenesis is reported. The left renal vein was located posterior to the aorta. He was managed with medical measures alone. The initial phase of treatment was complicated by chemotherapy induced dislodgment of the tumor fragment and subsequent distal obstruction.

Injection site abscess due to Mycobacterium fortuitum: a case report.

Injection abscess is an iatrogenic infection occurring as an isolated case or as cluster outbreak. These infections occur due to contaminated injectables or lapse in sterilisation protocol. While pathogens such as Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, E. coli, and S. aureus are the usual causative agents, unusual organisms such as mycobacteria, particularly the rapidly growing non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) may cause the abscess. The chances of overlooking these organisms is high unless an acid fast bacilli (AFB) smear and culture is done on all aspirated pus specimens. We report a case of a three year old child who presented with a gluteal abscess following an intramuscular infection with an unknown preparation.