Variation of Human Placental Attachment of Umbilical Cord

Introduction: The umbilical cord normally attached to placentaat the central portion, variations at the site of attachment ofumbilical cord are thought to result from the process knowntrophotrophism in which the chorionic frondosum or the earlyplacenta migrates with advancing gestation to ensure a betterblood supply from a more richly vascularised area.Aim: Our study aims to find out different types of variations inumbilical cord attachment to placenta by dissection method.Methods: Placentas for this study were obtained from theOBG Department and collected by the Department of AnatomyNIMS Medical College Jaipur. The placentas were washed,cleared, dissected and site of placental attachment to umbilicalcord were observed. Variations in the type of insertion werenoted.Results: Majority of the placentas showed central attachmentsof the cord. Few abnormal placentas were observed withfurcate and marginal insertions of the umbilical cord.Conclusion: This study gives important idea about placentalattachment of umbilical cord, hence, the present study usefulfor Clinicians, Anatomist, Physician and Gynaecologist forproper clinical diagnosis and treatment of disease

Cytomorphometrical Analysis of Exfoliated Buccal Mucosal Cells: Effect of Smoking.

Introduction: Exfoliative cytology is a non-aggressive, non-invasive procedure with higher patient compliance and is therefore, an attractive technique for the early diagnosis of oral lesions. Th e purpose of this study is to evaluate and compare cytological changes using morphometric analysis of the exfoliated buccal mucosal cells in smokers, with results obtained for non-smokers. Methods: Smears were collected from the clinically normal buccal mucosa of 120 individuals. Age range of subjects taken was 40-60 years. Smears were then stained with Papanicolaou stain. Results: Mean NA for smokers was signifi cantly elevated compared with the mean NA for non-smokers. Mean CA in smokers was decreased as compared to non-smokers but the diff erence was not signifi cant. Also, N/C ratio was signifi cantly elevated in smokers group. With increasing heavy exposure in duration of years, Cytomorphometric changes show signifi cant altered values for all three measured parameters (NA, CA and N/C ratio). Conclusion: Increase in NA and decreased CA as well as altered N/C ratio would appear to be due to smoking tobacco. Cytomorphometric analysis can be used regularly to detect these cell alterations. Th is method can also aid in motivating individuals to withdraw from adverse eff ects of tobacco smoking. Currently, use of exfoliative cytology has increased as an adjunct to screening of precancerous lesions and malignancies of the oral cavity.