RESUMO
Foramen ovale, situated in the greater wing of sphenoid, posterolateral to the foramen rotundum, transmits the sensory and motor root of mandibular nerve, accessory meningeal artery, emissary vein and lesser petrosal nerve to the infratemporal fossa. The normal shape of the foramen is oval, but its shape and size is quite variable. It plays an important role in the diagnostic and surgical procedures related to the middle cranial fossa. So, knowledge of the variations, dimensions and the topographic location is of importance to the neurosurgeons while dealing with surgeries in this region. Our study aims at finding the morphological variations in shape, dimensions of foramen ovale and its location in relation to the zygomatic arch.METHODSA cross-sectional observational study was carried out over a period of one year from 1/6/2018 to 31/5/2019, on 46 adult human skulls, taken from the department of Anatomy, RIMS, Ranchi. Fully dried, intact, adult human skulls were included in the study. Foramen ovale was observed for variation in shape, size and location. The presence of any accessory bony structure like bony plate, spine or septa was looked for and prevalence noted. The maximum antero-posterior length and width of foramen ovale and its distance from articular tubercle and the anterior root of zygomatic arch were measured using Vernier callipers. Pathologically malformed and damaged skulls were excluded from the study.RESULTSFour types of shapes were observed – oval (76.08%) , almond (5.43%) , semilunar (8.69%) and triangular (9.78%). The mean anteroposterior dimension of foramen ovale was 6.96 ± 1.17 mm (6.89 ± 1.28 mm on the right side & 7.02 ± 1.05 mm on the left side) and the mean transverse dimension was 3.35 ± 0.66 mm (3.25 ± 0.57 mm on the right side, 3.45 ± 0.73 mm on the left side) . The mean distance of foramen ovale from articular tubercle on zygomatic arch was 32.58 ± 1.29 mm (32.41 ± 1.10 mm on the right side, 32.74 ± 1.45 mm on the left side) and from anterior root of zygomatic arch was 24.75 ± 1.70 (23.91 ± 0.85 mm on the right side, 25.59 ± 1.92 mm on the left side).CONCLUSIONSThere is no significant average difference between FO_AP_RT – FO_AP_LT. There is no significant average difference between FO Width_RT - FO_Width_LT. There is a significant average difference between FO to Art. Tubercle Right - FO to Art Tubercle left. There is a significant average difference FO to ant. root Right - FO to ant. root left.
RESUMO
Background: Ujjain is holy city of Lord Mahankal. It is an ancient city on the eastern bank of the Kshipra River. There were total 2508 students studying in 11th and 12th standards in various higher secondary schools of Ujjain city. Reproductive health is a crucial part of general health and a central feature of human development. It is a reflection of health during childhood and crucial during adolescence and adulthood, sets the stage for health beyond the reproductive years. Adolescence is a complex period of myriad of physiological as well psychological changes. This is a time for them to prepare for making responsibilities, a time of exploration and widening horizons and a time to ensure healthy all-around development. Adolescents lack knowledge regarding reproductive health problems. The present study is conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices regarding selected aspects of reproductive health with special reference to knowledge of Reproductive tract infections (RTI) among adolescent school students.Methods: This was a cross sectional study carried out among randomly selected school students of Ujjain city.Results: It was observed that 86% of the students had adequate knowledge in the area of pregnancy and care during pregnancy. The mean score percentage of reproductive tract infection was found to be 56.92%. 90.50% students agreed that Menstruation is normal phenomenon.Conclusions: There is need of imparting sex education in schools across the country with the help of specially trained teachers and peer educators.