[ effectiveness of positive parenting program [triple-p] training on interaction of mother-child with intellectual disability]

Objective: Intellectual disability affects all aspect of individual's life, while use of parenting educational programs has been associated with strong outcomes. The aim of the present research was to determine of the effectiveness of positive parenting program [Triple-P] training on interaction of mother-child with intellectual disability

Materials and Methods: The present research was a quasi-experimental study by pre-test, post-test design with control group. Participants in this study were 40 mothers of students with intellectual disability. The samples were recruited through random clustering method from exceptional schools of Tehran provinces. Participants were divided into two groups [experimental and control group], each of which was consisted of 20 individuals. Experimental group received Triple-P in 10 sessions while control group did not. The instrument of present research was parent child relationship scale [PCRS] of Piyanta [1994]. The obtained data were statistically analyzed by MANCOVA using SPSS software

Results: Findings showed that experimental and control groups had significant difference, At least in one of sub scales of the PCRS [P<0/001]. The final results of MANCOVA showed that Triple-P had significant and positive effect on the conflict, closeness, dependency, and positive relationship [P<0/001]

Conclusion: The results indicated that Triple-P training has led to the improvement of interaction of mother-child with intellectual disability. It is suggested that specialists with implementation of Triple-P training promoted interaction of mother-child with intellectual disability

[ impact of teaching phonemic awareness by means of direct instruction on reading achievement of students with reading disorder]

Phonemic awareness is one of the most important predictors of reading skills that has been taught by different procedures. One of the procedures is implementation of direct instruction in instruction of phonemic awareness. Current study is one of the unique studies in Iran that investigate impact of direct instruction in phonemic awareness on reading achievement of students with reading disorder. Three male second grade elementary students with reading disorder in a regular school in district six of the office of education in Tehran were selected. Multiple-baseline across subjects was selected as a research design. The following tests were used as diagnostic criteria: reading and dyslexia test and Wechsler intelligence scale for children-revised. Moreover, a reading inventory consisting of 100 words was developed by researchers to assess the reading ability of the subjects. Data were collected in three phases: baseline, intervention, and follow-up. During the intervention phase, the intervention strategies were used while during baseline and follow-up, data were collected without any intervention. Comparing three phases of the study, we may conclude that intervention package consisting of direct instruction of phonological awareness was an effective strategy in reading achievement of all three students. In addition, follow-up data indicated that the effects of the intervention procedures were stable across time. Direct instruction of phonological awareness was effective in reading achievement of students with reading disorder in elementary school and increasing their abilities in reading

[Prevalence of consanguineous marriage among parents of deaf and normal children in Ardabil, North Western Iran]

Having healthy non-handicapped children plays a major role in mental health of the family and decreases family and society's costs. While consanguineous marriage could lead to expression of recessive genes and a variety of handicaps including deafness, the aim of present study was to scrutinize the prevalence of consanguineous marriage among parents of deaf and normal children as well as its relationship with deafness. In this study, 467 couples parenting normal children were selected by cluster sampling from elementary, guidance and high schools of Ardabil city and 423 couples parenting disabled children were selected non-randomly among which 130 had deaf children. Descriptive statistics was used to determine the prevalence of consanguineous marriage and chi-square test to compare prevalence of consanguineous marriage among parents of normal and deaf children. Descriptive analyses showed that 80 out of 130 [61.54%] parents who had deaf children have had consanguineous marriage. Furthermore data analysis demonstrated that prevalence of consanguineous marriage was significantly higher among parents of deaf children [p<0.001]. Consanguineous marriage plays a major role in expression of recessive genes and could lead to development of various handicaps including deafness. Increasing couples' awareness about consequences of consanguineous marriage and conducting genetic counseling are indispensable.

Effects of self-monitoring technique on inattentive behaviors of students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Beneficial effects of stimulants on core symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder [ADHD] have been reported in several studies. Behavioral interventions have also been proposed as empirically supported interventions for ADHD. Although cognitive-behavioral therapies [CBT] have been criticized for the lack of evidence-based data, some studies have indicated the positive effects of CBT techniques on children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [ADHD]. This article reports the effects of self-monitoring technique, as a CBT technique, on inattentive behaviors of children with ADHD