RESUMO
Background: The aim of the study is to analyze the nature, extent and associated factors of disciplinary practices used by school teachers.Methods: A cross-sectional analytic study. Subjects: 165 school teachers. Methods: Teachers completed a structured questionnaire, which included nature and extent of disciplinary methods used and their views on the issue. Statistical analysis was done through Chi square test.Results: 70.9% Teachers felt that physical punishment is needed to discipline school children. 58.2% of teachers indulged in the same though of these 84.2% opinioned that it may be harmful. Methods used were: counselling followed by physical punishment 41.67 % , slapping (14.6%), angry shouting (11.5), shaking (9.4), swearing (6.2), and skin pinch (3.1). Common reasons for punishment included: telling a lie (31.3%), not good at studies (28.1%),disobeying (14.6%),tantrums (7.3%) and stealing (3.1%). Teachers disclosed that they learned it from personal experience (55.2%) and schools (29.2%).Stressful events were present in 47.3%. Physical punishment was significantly more in this category (Chi square 3.84,p 0.05). Almost 77% of teachers had received punishment during childhood. The modal age for getting last punishment was 14 years. Significantly greater number of teachers getting punishment during childhood opinioned in favor of punishing children(Chi square 5.769,p 0.016) and were also involved in this activity(Chi square 6.534,p o.o11).Conclusions: Physical punishment of school children by teachers is common. Stress in the family and punishment during childhood were significant risk factors.
RESUMO
The objective of an observational study was to evaluate the drug prescribing pattern in the pediatric population in a tertiary care teaching hospital. The most common illness, which warranted admission to PICU, was bronchopneumonia (33.3%) followed by bronchiolitis (17.5%) and bronchial asthma (7.9%). Average no. of Antimicrobial Agents received per patient was 3.9. Parenteral drugs accounted for 86.1% of the total drugs prescribed. The most common AMAs prescribed were cephalosporins (26.1%), aminoglycosides (20.9%), beta-lactams (excluding cephalosporins) (17.4%) and fluoroquinolones (11.1%). Beta-lactams contributed to 44% of the total AMA cost followed by cephalosporins (31.8%) and miscellaneous AMAs (8.5%). The total number of preparation encounter per prescription was 9.7±4.8 per patient. The total number of single drug prescription was 88.4% and fixed drug combinations were 11.6%. Among the total drugs prescribed, 45.26% were generic and 54.73% constituted branded drugs. Overall 51% of the total drugs prescribed were from the WHO List of Essential Medicine 2010. There should be more emphasis on prescribing generic drugs and in case of similar efficacy the drug with lesser cost should be preferred.