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Objective To understand the epidemiological and etiological characteristics of outbreaks on acute gastroenteritis caused by sapovirus (SaⅤ) worldwide.Methods Literature about the outbreaks on acute gastroenteritis caused by SaⅤ were retrieved from the databases including WanFang,CNKI,PubMed and Web of Science after evaluation.Time,geography,setting and population distributions of outbreaks,transmission mode,SaⅤ genotype and clinical characteristics of the patients were analyzed.Results A total of 34 papers about SaⅤ were included,involving 146 outbreaks occurred between October 1976 and April 2016.In these papers,138 outbreaks were reported on the related months.All these outbreaks occurred in northern hemisphere.SaⅤ outbreaks occurred all year around,but mainly in cold season,the incidence was highest in December (25 outbreaks) and lowest in in August (2 outbreaks).Most outbreaks were reported by Japan,followed by Canada,the United States of America and the Netherlands.There were 141 outbreaks for which the occurring settings were reported,child-care settings were most commonly reported setting (48/141,34.04％),followed by long-term care facility (41/141,29.08％) and hospital (16/141,11.35％).Clinical symptoms of 1 704 cases in 31 outbreaks were reported,with the most common symptom was diarrhea (1 331/1 704,78.12％),followed by nausea (829/1 198,69.20％),abdominal pain (840/1 328,63.25％),vomiting (824/1 704,48.36％) and fever (529/1 531,34.53％).Genotypes of SaⅤ were determined for 119 outbreaks.GⅠ (51/119,42.86％) and GⅣ (45/119,37.82％) were predominant.The outbreaks of G Ⅳ SaⅤ increased suddenly in 2007,and the outbreaks of G Ⅰ SaⅤ mainly occurred in 2008 and during 2011-2013.Conclusions SaⅤ outbreaks were reported mainly by developed countries,with most outbreaks occurred in cold season,in child-care settings and long term care facility.G Ⅰ and GⅣ were the most common genotypes of SaⅤ.Prevention and control of SaⅤ outbreak in China seemed relatively weak,and it is necessary to conduct related training and to strengthen the SaⅤ outbreak surveillance in areas where service is in need.
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Objective To understand the epidemiological and etiological characteristics of outbreaks on acute gastroenteritis caused by sapovirus (SaⅤ) worldwide.Methods Literature about the outbreaks on acute gastroenteritis caused by SaⅤ were retrieved from the databases including WanFang,CNKI,PubMed and Web of Science after evaluation.Time,geography,setting and population distributions of outbreaks,transmission mode,SaⅤ genotype and clinical characteristics of the patients were analyzed.Results A total of 34 papers about SaⅤ were included,involving 146 outbreaks occurred between October 1976 and April 2016.In these papers,138 outbreaks were reported on the related months.All these outbreaks occurred in northern hemisphere.SaⅤ outbreaks occurred all year around,but mainly in cold season,the incidence was highest in December (25 outbreaks) and lowest in in August (2 outbreaks).Most outbreaks were reported by Japan,followed by Canada,the United States of America and the Netherlands.There were 141 outbreaks for which the occurring settings were reported,child-care settings were most commonly reported setting (48/141,34.04％),followed by long-term care facility (41/141,29.08％) and hospital (16/141,11.35％).Clinical symptoms of 1 704 cases in 31 outbreaks were reported,with the most common symptom was diarrhea (1 331/1 704,78.12％),followed by nausea (829/1 198,69.20％),abdominal pain (840/1 328,63.25％),vomiting (824/1 704,48.36％) and fever (529/1 531,34.53％).Genotypes of SaⅤ were determined for 119 outbreaks.GⅠ (51/119,42.86％) and GⅣ (45/119,37.82％) were predominant.The outbreaks of G Ⅳ SaⅤ increased suddenly in 2007,and the outbreaks of G Ⅰ SaⅤ mainly occurred in 2008 and during 2011-2013.Conclusions SaⅤ outbreaks were reported mainly by developed countries,with most outbreaks occurred in cold season,in child-care settings and long term care facility.G Ⅰ and GⅣ were the most common genotypes of SaⅤ.Prevention and control of SaⅤ outbreak in China seemed relatively weak,and it is necessary to conduct related training and to strengthen the SaⅤ outbreak surveillance in areas where service is in need.
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Objective@#To analyze the influencing factors of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks caused by norovirus in Beijing from 2014 to 2018.@*Methods@#Data of acute gastroenteritis events caused by norovirus in Beijing from April 2014 to March 2018 were collected. Unconditional logistic regression model was conducted to identify the risk factors of the outbreaks.@*Results@#A total of 765 acute gastroenteritis epidemics caused by norovirus were reported in Beijing, in which 85.88% (657/765) were cluster events and 14.12% (108/765) were outbreaks. Among the outbreaks, 70.37% (76/108) were reported in 2017; 84.26% (91/108) were reported in winter and spring; 88.89% (96/108) were reported in kindergartens, primary or secondary schools; 81.48% (88/108) were through person-to-person transmission; 93.52% (101/108) were caused by norovirus GⅡ infection. The risk of outbreaks in suburban and out suburb area were 1.84 times (95%CI: 1.13-3.02) and 3.78 times (95%CI: 1.62-8.82) as high as that in urban area, respectively. The risks of outbreaks in primary, secondary schools and other institutions were 6.26 times (95%CI: 3.53-11.10), 14.98 times (95%CI: 6.23-36.01) and 8.71 times (95%CI: 3.07-24.71) as high as that in kindergartens, respectively. The risk of outbreak in which patients having lower hospital visiting rate than the median rate of all events was 2.29 times than that in the context of having higher hospital visiting rate (95%CI:1.42-3.68). The risk of foodborne outbreak was 14.55 times as high as that transmitted through person-to-person (95%CI: 3.15-67.07).@*Conclusion@#Measures such as strengthening the prevention and control of norovirus outbreaks in suburbs, primary schools, secondary schools and other institutions, promoting patients to visit the hospital actively, improving the management of foodborne events and kitchen workers should be taken to reduce the incidence of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks caused by norovirus.
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Objective@#To analyze the infection characteristics of patients in acute gastroenteritis outbreaks caused by noroviruses.@*Methods@#Between April 2014 and March 2016, the clinical data and samples were collected from the patients in acute gastroenteritis outbreaks caused by noroviruses in Beijing. Noroviruses were detected and genotyped using real time RT-PCR, and the infection characteristics of norovirus gastroenteritis were analyzed using the descriptive epidemiological method.@*Results@#A total of 1743 clinical diagnosed cases of norovirus gastroenteritis were collected, and children under 12 years old accounted for 77.68% (1354/1743). The detection rate of noroviruses was 73.98% (509/688). The detection rates of noroviruses in fecal, swab and vomitus samples were gradually decreased (χ2=67.798, P<0.001). Among these clinical diagnosed cases, vomiting was the most common symptom (93.98%), followed by abdominal pain (40.34%), diarrhea (30.35%) and fever (27.94%). The most common symptom of patients under 6 years old was vomiting(98.14%), whereas diarrhea was most common among over 18 years old patients (68.12%). With the increase of age of the patients, the incidence of vomiting was gradually decreased (χ2=100.913, P<0.001), whereas the incidence of diarrhea was gradually increased (χ2=261.164, P<0.001). There was no statistical difference in vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain symptoms between patients infected with genogroup Ⅰ and Ⅱ noroviruses, and patients infected with genogroup Ⅱ (34.49%, 149/432) had the higher incidence rate of fever than that of genogroup Ⅰ (18.18%, 14/77) (χ2=7.985, P<0.01).@*Conclusions@#Noroviruses mainly infected children under 12 years old in acute gastroentertis outbreaks. The most common symptom of patients with acute gastroenteritis caused by noroviruses was vomiting, and the incidences of vomiting and diarrhea were significantly correlated with age of the patients. Patients infected with genogroup Ⅱ had the higher incidence rate of fever than genogroup Ⅰ infection.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of norovirus infection on diarrhea patients from the enteric clinics in Beijing.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From April 2013 to March 2014, 1 892 fecal specimens and related epidemiological information were collected among diarrhea patients visiting the enteric clinics in Beijing. Norovirus was detected by real time RT-PCR, and data was analyzed under the descriptive epidemiological method.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 269 positive cases were found among 1 892 diarrhea patients, with a positive rate as 14.2%. Norovirus caused diarrhea mainly occurred in seasons with lower temperature. Higher positive rates of norovirus were found in northwest mountainous area. Norovirus diarrhea was more commonly seen in children between 6 month and 5 years old, with differences between the two groups statistically significant (P = 0.006). Compared with other occupation, a higher infection rate was identified in children, with differences between the two groups statistically significant (P = 0.025). Nausea and vomiting appeared more common in diarrhea patients with norovirus infection, with differences between the two groups statistically significant (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Norovirus was an important pathogen which causing diarrhea in patients visiting the enteric clinics in Beijing. The virus was seen more in patients aged between 6 months and 5 years old. Nausea and vomiting were the common symptoms seen in patients with norovirus diarrhea.</p>
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Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Lactente , Infecções por Caliciviridae , Epidemiologia , China , Epidemiologia , Diarreia , Virologia , Náusea , Virologia , Norovirus , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Estações do Ano , Vômito , VirologiaRESUMO
Objective To explore the effect of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene polymorphism on brain volume in healthy young adults.Methods One hundred and ninety-three healthy young volunteers (age:20-40 years) were recruited in Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University between August 2013 and May 2014.Two milliliters of peripheral blood were collected for the determination of ApoE genotype using direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products.Brain MRI scans were performed using three-dimensional T1-weighted turbo field echo imaging sequence.The diffcrences of brain morphometry between the ε4 carriers group (ε3/ε4 and ε4/ε4 genotype) and the ε4 non-carriers group (ε3/ε3 genotype) were analyzed using voxel based morphometry (VBM).Results The ε4 carriers accounted for 14.51％ (28/193) of the total population.Twenty of ε4 carriers and 45 of ε4 non-carriers were included in the final images analysis.VBM analysis showed that the ApoE ε4 carriers had 10 atrophic brain areas compared with the ε4 non-carriers (P ＜ 0.005,uncorrected,10 continuous voxels),which mainly located in the right anterior cingulate,the bilateral caudates,parietal lobes and lateral temporal lobes.Conclusions The influence of ApoE gene polymorphisms on brain volume has appeared in the youth.The ε4 gene is related to the reductions of the gray matter volume in multiple brain areas.
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A total of 3499 cases of influenza A (H1N1) were included in this study for analysis.Epidemiological and clinical data of these cases were input into EpiData software and analyzed by SPSS software. Throat swabs were collected from the cases and detected for nucleic acid of influenza A ( H1N1 )virus using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with fluorescence quantitative method, and time of viral excretion and clinical features of the cases were analyzed. Results showed that 0. 37% of the cases were in-apparent and asymptomatic and the most common symptom of the cases was fever (86. 77% ).Throat swabs converted to negative on the sixth day of onset in average, and no factors related to the time of conversion was found with logistic regression analysis.
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Objective To describe the epidemiological features of severe cases and deaths of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 in Beijing and to explore the main risk factors associated with the disease severity. Methods Data of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 reported in Beijing were collected and analyzed. The relative risks between disease condition and possible risk factors were determined using the multi-factor Logistic regression analysis. Results The incidence of pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 was 66. 1/100 000, and the highest incidence was 86. 8/100 000 which occurred among people aged 25-60 years old. The prevalence of critical patients (12. 5/100 000 and 3.9/100 000, respectively), mortality (0. 9/100 000 and 0. 7/100 000, respectively) and fatality (2.4 % and 3.3 %, respectively) in people aged 0-5 years old and above 60 years old were higher than other age groups. There were 110 (20. 0%) preschool children among 549 critical cases, which were the largest proportion of critical cases. Among 69 death cases, 17 (24. 6%) were retirees with the highest proportion of death cases. More than 70. 0% of the critical cases and deaths visited hospital within two days of onset. The chronic heart disease and chronic lung disease were the most frequent risk factors of severe and death cases. Multi-factor Logistic regression analysis showed that the variables including aged above 60 years old (OR = 3. 586, 95 % CI = 1. 586 - 8. 117), chronic heart disease (OR=2. 126, 95%CI= 1. 178-3. 835), and chronic lung disease (OR=1. 954, 95%CI=1. 126-3. 391) were significantly associated with the disease severity. Conclusion Factors of aged above 60 years older, chronic heart disease and chronic lung disease may aggravate the severity of influenza A (H1N1).
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[Objective]To explore a new type of internal fixation system for the fixation of femoral intertrochanteric fracture.[Method]According to femoral tuberosity anatomical shape,anatomical locked hook-plate internal fixation system(ALHP) was designed,its biomechanical properties was examined and ALHP was applied for the clinical treatment of intertrochanteric fracture of the aged patients.[Result]Twenty-seven cases of intertrochanteric fracture were fixed with ALHP and followed up from 1.5 to 2 years,with an average time was 1.8 years.According to Sanders functional sores:the good and excellent rate was 100%.[Conclusion]Anatomy type locked hook-plate internal fixation system possesses reasonable design and produces firm fixation for intertrochanteric fracture.It can offer the elderly patients early exercises and reduce the incidence of complication.