Role of oxidative stress in opiate withdrawal and dependence: Exploring the potential use of honey.

Opiate dependence and withdrawal is a worldwide public health problem and give a significant burden to society. In exploring the problems of opiate dependence and withdrawal, oxidative stress in thought to be involved in the mechanism of the development of dependence and tolerance to morphine. Therefore, there is possibility that antioxidant has the role to reduce the oxidative stress leading to opiate dependence and withdrawal. In this mini review we describe the evidence of relationship between oxidative stress and opiate dependence. We also describe the evidence of honey which has been claimed to have high antioxidant properties and its promising potential to reduce oxidative stress in opiates dependence and tolerance individuals.

Analgesic effect of honey bioactive compounds and its role in reducing morphine tolerance.

Honey has been used as a supplement nutrient in human for centuries. It exerts antibacterial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory properties as well as analgesic activity. But not many studies have been done to analyze effect of honey on morphine tolerance. Hence, this review is targeting on analgesic effect of honey bioactive compounds and their potential in morphine tolerance study.

Phoenix dactylifera Linn as a potential novel anti-oxidant in treating major opioid toxicity.

The use of opioids has gain popularity in the field of medicine especially in treating chronic terminally ill patients. Unfortunately, several adverse effects in relation to its use have been reported. Literature search on the adversity of opioids in treating pain, its paradoxical hyperalgesic effects and susceptibility to addiction were conducted using Pubmed, Embase and Google Scholar without species limitation. This brief article focuses on the corresponding neuro-protective, hepato-protective, anti-inflammatory, ulcero-protective and nephron-protective functions of (Phoenix dactylifera L) to elaborate on evidences, mechanisms, modulatory and pharmacological significance to counteract adverse effects of opioid treatment and provide insight on the underlying mechanisms of addiction.

Reviews on Calcium Mediated Secondary Messengers in Chronic Opioids Exposure/Addiction.

Addiction and withdrawal are problems disturbing the health of the individual and also causes difficulties for society, raising the rates of divorce, unemployment and government spending on legal and medical systems. Opioids show an important pharmacological effect in the treatment of pain, with extremely addictive potential. Chronic opioid exposure is known to produce the complex behaviors of tolerance and dependence, a state exposed by opioid abstinence leading to withdrawal syndrome, as well as oxidative stress. Studies show that calcium mediated secondary messengers play a crucial role in the mechanism of addictive process and oxidative stress induced by chronic opioid usage. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), is a major calcium regulated signal transducer that controls many neuronal systems and play important role in neuronal plasticity and can act as a key and direct promoting opioid tolerance and dependence and identifying such a direct mechanism may be useful for designing a pharmacology treatment for these conditions, recent studies, has been shown that calcium channels antagonist can be used in the treatment of withdrawal syndrome. Chronic opioid exposure associated with tolerance, dependence withdrawal syndrome and oxidative stress. Studies has shown that calcium mediated secondary messengers involved in the genesis of these conditions, better understanding of biological mechanisms underlie reduction in neuronal cell excitability could help in the identification of pharmacological targets for treatment.