RESUMO
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by inflammation of the sacroiliac joints and the spinal attachment point and is the most common type of spondyloarthritis (SpA). The pathogenesis of AS is related to both the immune system and the skeletal system. The main pathological changes include enthesitis, osteogenesis changes, osteolytic bone destruction, and immune system changes. Bone cells interact with immune cells, secrete a series of inflammatory factors, and jointly regulate the pathogenesis of AS. The imbalance of various immune cells in AS and the changes in inflammatory cytokines lead to a disorder of bone metabolism. At the same time, the osteocytes express various inflammatory cytokines, which leads to an imbalance of the immune system. The interaction between the immune system and the skeletal system has become a hot spot in the pathogenesis of AS. Understanding the bone immunological mechanism of AS will help to understand the exact pathogenesis of the disease and explore new treatment methods for it. In this review, the changes of various immune cells and inflammatory cytokines in AS and their effects on the skeletal system, as well as the changes of various osteocytes in the skeletal system and their effects on the immune system, were reviewed, and the latest progress in the treatment of AS was summarized.
RESUMO
Objective To discover the diagnose value of the urinary α1-microglobulin (α1-mG)\,albumin to the early lupus nephritis.Methods In 31 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE),the urinary α1-mG\,β2-microglobulin (β2-mG) and albumin were measured and compared with normal group.Results The results showed that the levels of α1-mG\,β2-mG and albumin were markedly increased in the SLE group.Either urinary RT is normal or not,the urinary α1-mG\,β2-mG and albumin is markedly increased compared with normal group.Conclusion The urimary α1-mG、albumin content might be used as a sensitive marker for early lupus nerphritis.