Histological and immunohistochemical findings of the action of botulinum toxin in salivary gland: systematic review / Achados histológicos e imunohistoquímicos da ação da toxina botulínica em glândula salivar: revisão sistemática

Abstract The treatment of sialorrhea is necessary for the constant risks posed by hypersalivation. A new therapeutic option comes up with the application of botulinum toxin in salivary glands. However, little is known about its mechanism of action in glandular tissue. Based on the above, this work had the objective to systematically review the literature about the action of botulinum toxin on submandibular and parotid salivary glands tissues. Electronic search was performed in databases of great relevance for this study (PubMed, SciELO, HighWire, Crossref, Scopus, Science Direct, MEDLINE, OLDMEDLINE, Serials Database, NLM Catalog, LILACS and IBECS). Inclusion and exclusion criteria for articles were established, and a total number of 14 articles were selected and used. There are few publications that clarify how the salivary gland acini behave with application of botulinum toxin. Although, the immunohistochemical findings were consistent among authors, showing weak immunoreactivity in glands treated with botulinum toxin. Histometric data are divergent, requiring more detailed studies to answer the questions about the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin in salivary glands.

Resumo O tratamento da sialorreia se faz necessário pelos constantes riscos trazidos por este estado de hipersalivação. Uma nova opção terapêutica surge com a aplicação da toxina botulínica em glândulas salivares. Entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre o seu mecanismo de ação no tecido glandular. Com base no exposto, este trabalho teve o objetivo de revisar sistematicamente na literatura a ação da toxina botulínica sobre o tecido das glândulas salivares submandibular e parótida. Foi realizada uma busca eletrônica em bases de dados de grande relevância para este estudo (PubMed, SciELO, HighWire, Crossref, Scopus, Science Direct, MEDLINE, OLDMEDLINE, Serials Database, NLM Catalog, LILACS e IBECS). Foram estabelecidos critérios de inclusão e exclusão para os artigos, e um "n" de 14 trabalhos foram selecionados e utilizados. São poucas as publicações que esclarecem como os ácinos das glândulas salivares se comportam mediante aplicação da toxina botulínica. Apesar de os achados imunohistoquímicos entre os autores serem concordantes, com imunorreatividade mais fracas nas glândulas tratadas com a toxina botulínica, os dados histométricos são divergentes e há questionamentos metodológicos, necessitando de mais estudos pormenorizados para responder as questões sobre a eficácia e segurança da toxina botulínica nas glândulas salivares.

Changes in morphometric parameters of bone tissue due tophysical exercise: a systematic review

It is known that physical exercise can influence the morphometry of bone tissue. Thisinfluence depends on the intensity, frequency, duration and mode of exercise. However, these aspects arenot well described in literature. Futhermore, morphometric parameters for the study of bone tissue are moresuitable to investigate this effect. Given these uncertainties, we intend to investigate the effects of exercise inbone morphometry. Materials and methods: For this study, we performed a systematic search of articles inPUBMED, MEDLINE, OLD MEDLINE, SciELO and LILACS. We used the keywords: “morphometry”,“physical exercise” and “bone”. Results: Initially we found a total of 40 articles. Articles in which animalswere submitted to pharmacological or surgery intervention as well as those where rats had some disease orhormonal alteration were excluded. After selection according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, only threearticles remained. Discussion: Newhall, Kenneth, Marjoleine et al. (1991) investigated the effects of exercisein a non-systematic way, with no definitions of exercise parameters. It is suggested that various features ofphysical exercise, besides intensity, can influence on bone mechanical properties. The results of this researchshow the need to establish defined standards concerning the mode, intensity, frequency and duration ofexercise. Conclusion: It was not possible to determine which morphometric parameters are the best torepresent these changes. More studies in this area are suggested in order to comprehend the influence ofphysical exercise on bone tissue.