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Background: The association between diabetes mellitus [DM] and thyroid dysfunction is well known. However, the prevalence of having DM with thyroid dysfunction is extremely variable from one study to another. Clinical relevance of thyroid disorders in diabetic patients leads to serious consequences with metabolic compensation of diabetes
Objectives: to find the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in T2D retrospectively through the data available in our diabetic centers among those who attended the diabetic clinics for routine checkup
Patients and Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study conducted from January to August 2017 at three diabetic centers in Makkah and Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Nine hundred and seventy-nine patients aged between 30 and 65years, of both genders with T2D were randomly selected. The participants` data were collected from their files, using a data collection checklist prepared for the study
Results: The study included 979 T2D patients. The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction among T2D patients was 13.1%. Mean age amongT2D patients with thyroid dysfunction was 48.8 years whereas the mean age among T2D patients with hypertension was 58.5 years. Females were significantly more presented with T2D and thyroid dysfunction. Again, T2D associated with thyroid dysfunction and hypertension was significantly more in females than males. Duration of diabetes was significantly more among patients having T2D, thyroid dysfunction and hypertension than those with only T2D and thyroid dysfunction. Oral antidiabetics [OADs] were more frequently used than combination of OADs and insulin while diet and exercise only were less, however thyroid dysfunction was more among them. Majority of our participants with T2D and thyroid dysfunction reported the occurrence of T2D first
Conclusion: The prevalence of thyroid disorder is quite high amongT2D patients. Prevalence was higher in female patients and relatively younger ages. Early detection of thyroid dysfunction in patients with T2Dis of great importance and consequences
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Background: Diabetes mellitus [DM] is a major health problem that is associated with psychological, as well as physical, complications particularly depression. Depression is well-known to be prevalent among diabetic patients and to be associated with poor glycemic control, poor adherence to medication, increased diabetic complication and higher risk of mortality
Objectives: The purpose of the study is to determine the prevalence rate of depression among diabetic patients in primary health care units and diabetic centers at Makkah city - Saudi Arabia, and to explore the associated factors that co-exist with depression among diabetic patients
Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted on 382 diabetic patients [both type I and II] recruited from diabetic centers at Al-Noor hospital, Hera'a hospital, and East of Al-aziziah hospital in Makkah, KSA. Data were collected via a self-administered questionnaire including demographic variables and the Arabic translation of Patient health questionnaire the Tunisian version [PHQ-9]. The data collected were analyzed using SAS 9.4
Results: After data analysis of the 382 participants 43.19% were males and 56.81% were females, with a mean age of 50.28+/-11.43 years. The prevalence of depression was 20.68%, with 12.83%, 7.07%, and 0.79% having moderate, moderately severe, and severe depression, respectively. Hypertension, duration of hypertension, number of co-morbidities, and high education level were significantly associated with depression [p=0.0111, 0.0029, 0.0491, and 0.0158, respectively]. The odd's ratio of number of co-morbidities was 1.565 [p=0.0039]
Conclusions: Depression and suicidality are prevalent among diabetic patients in Makkah. When diabetes co-exists with hypertension and/or other comorbid illnesses the prevalent doubles. Hypertension, increased number of associated co-morbidities, and high educational level are significantly associated with depression in diabetic patients
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Introduction: Diagnosis of schizophrenia is largely a clinical assessment of a group of signs and symptoms. There are various factors that can be a cause or a risk factor for creating this disorder; some preventable and some non-preventable. The treatment options are diverse and are continuously being studied in order to enhance results and minimize adverse effect of various forms of therapy
Methodology: We conducted this review using a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, PubMed, and EMBASE, January 1987, through March 2017. The following search terms were used: schizophrenia, etiology of schizophrenia, pathophysiology, clinical features, and treatment of schizophrenia
Aim: Our aim in this study was to understand the etiology, pathophysiology, and study various lines and advancement in management of schizophrenia
Conclusion: In the recent years, many treatment options are emerging where newer drugs and their combination with or without non-pharmacological therapy have shown promising results. More studies must be done to implement advanced regimens for treatment of schizophrenia