RESUMO
Introduction The World Health Organization (WHO) made a major shift on the outcomes of illness, diseases, and interventions from clinical indicators to those related with levels of functioning and disability, as well as the possibility to determine areas of improvement on a case-by-case basis. Along with this theoretical approach, a new instrument was proposed to WHO members: the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). The instrument is flexible, easy to apply in different clinical scenarios (it is not attached to a cluster of diseases), culturally adapted in several languages, and complementary to clinical and para-clinical information. In psychiatry, the use of the ICF may be highly valuable to establish the preserved areas of functioning as well as the most salient disabilities to formulate a proper case management, and then, to plan adequate public policies. This report includes the results of an evaluation of functioning, disability and heath dimensions, along with the psychometric properties of the ICF checklist, among people with severe and persistent mental disorders that have been institutionalized in a psychiatric hospital in the State of Jalisco, Mexico. Method Subjects: Inmates of a 50 year old psychiatric facility, dependent from the Mental Health Institute of Jalisco (SALME), within the frame of the Ministry of Health of the State of Jalisco in Mexico. This facility is divided in acute wards, were patients are hospitalized in acute phases of severe and persistent mental disorders, and <> wards which have existed since the origins of the hospital and became a place where people were abandoned and finally stayed institutionalized under the State's support and supervision. The later population was included in this evaluation. Measures: A psychiatrist (AM), previously trained on the administration of the ICF, supervised the evaluation of: 1) the <> domains of the Short list of ICF proposed by WHO (AP-ICF); 2) The American Psychiatric Association's Global Assessment of Functionality Scale (GAF); and 3) The Life Skills Profile(LKP). Results A total sample of 205 subjects was included; they were 64.9% males, with a mean age of 40.28±14.39 years old. The mean hospitalization time was 18.04±10.29 years. Psychiatric diagnosis distribution was: severe mental retardation (MR) (29.8%); moderate MR (15.6%), residual or undifferentiated schizophrenia (8.3%), and paranoid schizophrenia (7.8%). A concurrent physical illness was identified in 48.8% (n=112) of the subjects. Salient health problems were: epilepsy (n=47, 22.9%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (n=6, 2.9%), diabetes (n=5, 2.4%), and systemic arterial hypertension (n= 4, 2%). AP-ICF validity and reliability: Correlations between AP-ICF domains and GAF were all moderate (between -.51 to -.71), negative and statistically significant. Cronbach's alphas were as follows: a) Learning and applying knowledge: .85 for the first qualifier, and .89 for the second; b) General tasks and demands: .90 and .92; c) Communication: .93 for both qualifiers; d) Movement: .78 for the first qualifier, and .89 for second qualifier; e) Self Care: .94 and .96; f) Domestic Life Areas: .91 and .95; g) Interpersonal Interactions: .79 and .91; h) Major Life Areas: .59 and .70; i) Community, Social and Civic Life: .75 and .72. Functionality and disability among institutionalized patients: In the Global Assessment of Functioning measure, subjects distribution belonging to punctuations ranges were: 31-40 points(n=54, 26.3%); 11-20 points (22.9%,n=47); 21-30 points (21%,n=43); 41-50 points (14.6%,n=30); 51-60 points (11.2%, n=23); 61-70 points (2.9%, n=6), and 1% felled in the <> range. On the Life Skills Profile (LSP), means and standard deviations were as follows: a) Self Care: row score= 19.85 ± 3.42, percentage transformation= 49.64% ± 8.56; b) Social Communication: row score= 16.70±3.42, percentage transformation= 41.76% ± 9.39; c) Communication with contact: row score= 14.00 ± 2.60, percentage transformation= 58.35% ± 10.85; d) Communication without contact: row score= 9.39 ± 2.47, percentage transformation= 39.12% ± 10.30; e) Autonomy Life: row score= 11.87 ±1.89, percentage transformation= 42.40% ± 6.76. Major <> (ICF) dysfunction domains were as follows: Community, social and civic life, Domestic life areas, Interpersonal interactions, and Major life areas. For the first qualifier, mean row scores and percentage transformations for all activities and participation domains were: a) Learning & applying knowledge: 14.66 ± 5.40, 61.09% ± 22.5; b) General Tasks and demands: 4.78 ± 2.6, 59.75% ± 33.22; c) Communication: 8.88 ± 6.4, 44.43% ± 32.35; d) Movement: 2.63 ± 3.8, 10.99% ± 15.89; e) Self Care: 9.21 ± 8.5, 28.79% ± 26.73; f) Interpersonal Life Interactions: 20.06 ± 5.7, 71.67% ± 20.41; g) Major Life Areas: 15.15 ± 6.5, 63.15% ± 27.08; h) Community, Social & Civic Life: 17.42 ± 2.7, 87.10% ± 13.86. For the second qualifier, mean row scores and percentage transformations for all activities and participation domains were: a) Learning & applying knowledge:12.34 ± 5.8, 51.44% ± 24.33; b) General Tasks and demands: 3.91 ± 2.63, 48.90% ± 32.96; c) Communication: 7.36 ± 6.21, 36.82% ± 31.07; d) Movement: 2.24 ± 3.58, 9.34% ± 14.93; e) Self Care: 5.80 ± 7.15, 18.12% ± 22.37; f) Interpersonal Life Interactions: 16.88 ± 7.49, 52.77% ± 23.40; g) Major Life Areas: 13.5 ± 7.18, 56.25% ± 29.92; h) Community, Social & Civic Life: 14.29 ± 5.11, 71.48% ± 25.58. Conclusions In this study we identified three mayor groups of institutionalized patients, with different needs of attention. First, a group of people with severe disability, that do not require a permanent psychiatric hospitalization supervision and could benefit from treatment and increase quality of life in other kind community care facilities. A major second group (around 70% of patients) that are theoretically candidates for community rehabilitation and social reinsertion, in whom there is no scientific argument to justify their institutionalization in a psychiatric hospital. Reasons for this reality are to be explored in further social and service history implementation. A third subgroup of patients had been hospitalized many years, and for them, given the need of constant supervision is necessary and an alternative permanent assistance may be granted, but the psychiatric hospital is not the facility designated for them. Functioning and disability evaluation of persons with severe and persistent mental disorders that are institutionalized in the Mental Health Institute of Jalisco, Mexico, was useful to motivate and develop local communitarian psychiatric rehabilitation facilities and programs. Finally, we suggest that <> domains of ICF checklist are a valid and reliable tool to evaluate Mexican psychiatric patients.
Introducción En este reporte se presentan los resultados de la evaluación de funcionalidad, discapacidad y estado de salud de las personas con trastornos mentales graves y persistentes que se encuentran asiladas en el Centro de Atención Integral en Salud Mental de Estancia Prolongada (CAISAME-EP) del Instituto Jalisciense de Salud Mental (SALME), la instancia de la Secretaría de Salud del Estado de Jalisco que se encarga de la atención psiquiátrica de la entidad. El estudio se llevó a cabo para impulsar el desarrollo de políticas y programas de atención en salud mental locales que puedan elevar el estatus funcional y el bienestar vital de estos individuos. Adicionalmente se proporcionan los primeros datos de validez y confiabilidad, en población mexicana con trastornos mentales graves y persistentes, de la versión en español del apartado de <> de la lista corta de cotejo de la CIF. Método Los pacientes hospitalizados en los pabellones de la institución denominados <> fueron evaluados con base en: 1. el apartado de <> de la lista corta de cotejo de la CIF (AP-LC-CIF); 2. la Escala de Evaluación de la Actividad Global (EEAG) y 3. el Perfil de Habilidades de la Vida Cotidiana (PHVC). Resultados De un total de 205 usuarios, el 64.9% eran de sexo masculino. Tenían una edad promedio de 40.28±14.39 años y se encontraban hospitalizados hacía 18.04±10.29 años. El diagnóstico más frecuente fue el retraso mental severo (29.8%), le siguió el moderado (15.6%), la esquizofrenia residual e indiferenciada (8.3%), y la esquizofrenia paranoide (7.8%). El 48.8% de la muestra presentó alguna otra enfermedad física (n=102). La mayoría de los usuarios tuvieron entre 31 y 40 de puntuación en la EEAG (n=54, 26.3%); el área de mayor deterioro en actividades de la vida cotidiana (PHVC) fue la relativa al contacto social interpersonal, seguida de la de autocuidado; y los dominios del AP-LC-CIF con mayor disfunción fueron: vida comunitaria, social y cívica; vida doméstica; interacciones y relaciones interpersonales, y áreas principales de la vida. Conclusiones Se identificaron tres grandes grupos de pacientes con enfermedades mentales graves y persistentes asilados en el Estado de Jalisco, México; con necesidades de atención diferentes entre sí. Por una parte, existe un alto porcentaje de usuarios con retraso mental pronunciado que no requiere de atención psiquiátrica continua bajo una norma hospitalaria costosa, sino cuidados en un ambiente protegido que no sea un hospital psiquiátrico. Por otro lado, prácticamente un 70% de los pacientes asilados en la institución es teóricamente susceptible de rehabilitación comunitaria y no hay razón que justifique que vivan en un hospital psiquiátrico. Sin embargo, un tercer grupo de pacientes, que constituye además un altísimo porcentaje, ha estado asilado ahí durante muchos años lo que implica sumar a las tareas para implementar un sistema de rehabilitación comunitaria, un proceso de desinstitucionalización psiquiátrica. La presente evaluación de la discapacidad y la funcionalidad de la población asilada en la institución fue de utilidad para al menos dos asuntos. En primer lugar, para demostrar la adecuación del apartado de actividades y participación la CIF para evaluar a la población psiquiátrica con trastornos mentales graves. Y en segundo lugar, para impulsar la planeación y desarrollo de instancias y programas de rehabilitación psiquiátrica comunitaria en la entidad. Idealmente, éstos deberán implementarse resolviendo las necesidades de capacitación específica del personal, así como el estigma y discriminación que asecha a estos pacientes y sus familias.
