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Suffering is prevalent in the palliative care population and is an important factor affecting the quality of life of palliative care patients and their family caregivers. In this paper, we review the assessment content, measurement methods, current application status and advantages and disadvantages of suffering assessment tools for palliative care patients, analyze the problems of current suffering assessment tools for palliative care patients and make suggestions, aiming to provide reference for palliative suffering treatment in China.
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Background and purpose: Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) is thought to be a precursor lesion of infiltrating pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. The mutation of the phenotypic impact of K-ras G12D alone, silencing of p53 and p16 could promote this process. The role of Smad4 in this progression was poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the role of Smad4 in the development of pancreatic tumor, based on PanIN cell line from mice with K-ras G12D mutation in order to investigate the effect of Smad4 silencing on PanIN cells in the development and malignant transformation in nude mice. Methods: Smad4 knock-down PanIN cells (PanIN-S) were established by stable transfeetion with lentiviral-mediated Smad4 RNA interference (RNAi). In xenograft model experiments, BALB/c nude mice were randomly divided into 2 groups (5 mice per group) implanted with PanIN or PanlN-S cells subcutaneously. Two weeks after tumor cells inoculation, tumor volume and weight were estimated. PCNA staining was used to evaluate cell proliferation and CD31 polyclonal antibody was used to assess micro-vessel density (MVD) in tumors. Results: Effect of siRNA of Smad4 gene in PanlN cells was confirmed by RT-PCR and Western blot. Compared with PanlN groups, there was a dramatic increase in tumor volume and weight in PanIN-S groups (P<0.05). Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis of the harvested tumors suggested that Smad4 silencing was associated with 'increased tumor cell proliferation (PCNA reactivity) and angiogenesis (micro-vessel density, MVD). The percentage of PCNA-positive cells in the PanlN-S groups were significantly increased than PanIN groups (P<0.05). CD31 staining revealed a significant increase in the PanlN-S groups compared to the PanlN groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: Silencing of Smad4 in PanlN cells with endogenous expression of K-ras G12D, enhanced progression to invasive adenocarcinomas. Cell proliferation and vascularization may be its important mechanisms.
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Helicobacter pylori (H. Pylori) infection has been an established risk factor for gastric cancer identified by World Health Organization. H. Pylori triggers chronic inflammation of gastric mucosa and induces host cells to release various cytokines, some of which might lead normal epithelial cells to transfer to gastric cancer. Expression of interleukins in gastric mucosa experiences significant changes after H. Pylori infection. Interleukins play different roles in carcinogenesis and development of gastric cancer. This article briefly reviews the research advances of roles of interleukins in carcinogenesis and development of gastric cancer.
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Objective To know the relationship between air pollutants and daily hospital visits for respiratory diseases in Guangzhou. Methods The data of daily hospital visits for respiratory diseases in a hospital in Guangzhou during 2006 to 2008, along with the daily meteorological factors, air pollutants concentration (NO2, PM10,PM2.5 and SO2) were collected. The time series analysis auto-regression model was used, considering the potential confounding factors such as seasonal and meteorological factors. Results Daily hospital visits for respiratory diseases presented a significant week effect, the time of higher daily hospital visits for respiratory diseases was the same of higher concentration of pollutants. When SO2 and NO2 increased by 10 ?g/m3, the daily hospital visits increased by 3%(P
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Leukemia is one of the common tumors,and it seriously harms to the health.The more serious environmental pollutions become,the more people pay attention to the relationship between environmental exposures and leukemia,especially children leukemia.To discuss the progress of study on formaldehyde and leukemia,this study states the characteristics of formaldehyde,the resources of formaldehyde indoor air and the harms to health,toxicity and human cancinogenicity,and reviews the researches on the relationship between formaldehyde and leukemia.It concludes that there is "strong but not sufficient evidence for a causal association between leukemia and occupational exposure to formaldehyde".
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The expression of estrogen receptor (ER) in thymus of female BALB/c mice at different ages was investigated. The results showed that the expression of ER in thymus was increased from 1 to 8 weeks after birth. ER positive cells were thymic epithelial cells and thymocytes. ER existed not only in the cytoplasm, but also in the nucleus.