Association of hypercoagulation with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has emerged as a major threat to all healthcare systems across the globe, and it was declared a public health emergency of international concern by the World Health Organization (WHO). The novel coronavirus affects the respiratory system, producing symptoms such as fever, cough, dyspnea, and pneumonia. The association between COVID-19 and coagulation has been previously reported. Due to several inflammatory changes that occur in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections such as alterations in the levels of clotting factors, platelet activation leads to thrombus formation in coronary and cerebral vessels, leading to myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular accidents, respectively.Unfortunately, the progression of hypercoagulability in COVID-19 is rapid in patients with and without comorbidities. Hence, the proper monitoring of thrombotic complications in patients with COVID-19 is essential to avoid further complications. The implementation of guidelines for antithrombotic treatments based on the presentation of the disease is recommended. This review discusses the symptoms and mechanisms of upregulated coagulation in patients with COVID-19.

Association of hypercoagulation with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has emerged as a major threat to all healthcare systems across the globe, and it was declared a public health emergency of international concern by the World Health Organization (WHO). The novel coronavirus affects the respiratory system, producing symptoms such as fever, cough, dyspnea, and pneumonia. The association between COVID-19 and coagulation has been previously reported. Due to several inflammatory changes that occur in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections such as alterations in the levels of clotting factors, platelet activation leads to thrombus formation in coronary and cerebral vessels, leading to myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular accidents, respectively.Unfortunately, the progression of hypercoagulability in COVID-19 is rapid in patients with and without comorbidities. Hence, the proper monitoring of thrombotic complications in patients with COVID-19 is essential to avoid further complications. The implementation of guidelines for antithrombotic treatments based on the presentation of the disease is recommended. This review discusses the symptoms and mechanisms of upregulated coagulation in patients with COVID-19.

Yield of AFB by direct sputum smear examination with bronchial washings and post bronchoscopy sputum smear examination

Background and objectives: The objective of the present study is to evaluate the yield of AFB by direct sputum smear examination with Bronchial Washings and Post Bronchoscopy sputum smear examination. Materials and methods: This prospective study was conducted on 100 patients with suspected pulmonary TB October 2015 – September 2017 at S.V.S Medical College, Mahabubnagar. Results: Out of 100 clinically suspected, sputum smear negative cases, 38 cases were diagnosed as active pulmonary tuberculosis. Bronchial washings for AFB smear was positive in 32/100 (32%) of cases and post bronchoscopic sputum smear was positive in 16/100 (16%) of cases. Both bronchial washings and post bronchoscopic sputum smear for AFB was positive in 10 (10%) of cases. 4/16 additional cases are diagnosed by post bronchoscopic sputum smear over the bronchial washings. Total yield of bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of sputum negative Pulmonary Tuberculosis was A.N.V. Koteshwar Rao, L. Bhaskar, K. Vamshi, Pradyut Waghray. Yield of AFB by direct sputum smear examination with bronchial washings and post bronchoscopy sputum smear examination. IAIM, 2017; 4(11): 113-116. Page 114 38.00% of which bronchial washing smear samples are superior in the diagnosis and is contributed to 32% . Conclusion: It has shown that additional yield of 38% more than direct sputum smear examination, which helps to initiate early treatment of tuberculosis.

Lipid peroxidation of colonocyte membranes.

Effects of various oxidants on the colonic membrane lipid peroxidation have been studied in rats. 2,2-Azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (ABAP), which generates free radicals by thermal decomposition, induced peroxidation as judged by the formation of conjugated diene, malondialdehyde (MDA), and depletion of arachidonic acid. Exposure to other oxidants which require free iron for peroxidation was ineffective. Alpha tocopherol level was not altered on exposure to various oxidants except with ABAP which depleted its level in these membranes. Exposure of the membranes to both ABAP and xanthine-xanthine oxidase (X-XO) decreased total protein thiols, whereas other oxidants had no significant effect. Isolated colonocyte membranes were found to contain considerable amount of nonesterified fatty acids as part of the total lipids and removal of free fatty acids from the membrane using fatty acid-free albumin made the membranes susceptible to iron-induced free radical generation and lipid peroxidation. These studies suggest that colonocytes are possibly protected from lipid peroxidation by the free fatty acids associated with the membrane.

Impact of scorpion Heterometrus fulvipes venom on cholinesterase rhythmicity in the tropical mouse Mus booduga.

Rhythmicities of acetylcholine (ACh) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were studied in the mouse, Mus booduga (Gray), following intramuscular injection of scorpion, Heterometrus fulvipes (C. Koch) venom. Envenomation inhibited the activity levels of ACh and AChE in all the tissues selected for experimentation. Control animals exhibited diel rhythmicity in ACh and AChE while envenomated animals showed fluctuation in the Phase (delta phi), amplitude (A), Acrophase (phi) and the extreme activity hours (X and X1).