Herbicide performance in the control of Conyza spp. where three plant heights

Intensive use of the herbicide glyphosate has led to herbicide resistant Conyza spp. populations. Thus, there is a need to indicate alternative herbicides and the appropriate developmental stage for controlling these populations. This study identifies alternatives for controlling glyphosate-resistant horseweed, with treatment applications at different plant heights. For this purpose, field experiments were conducted in the 2016/17 and 2017/18 crop years. The evaluated treatments were: glyphosate (540 g ae ha-1), glyphosate (1080 g ae ha-1), glyphosate (2160 g ae ha-1), glyphosate (3240 g ae ha-1), glyphosate + 2.4-D (1080 + 1005 g ae ha-1), glyphosate + saflufenacil (1080 + 49 g ae/ai ha-1), paraquat (400 g ai ha-1), diquat (400 g ai ha-1), ammonium glufosinate (600 g ai ha-1), and control (without application). These treatments were applied to plants with a maximum of 5 cm; plants between 6 and 15 cm; and plants between 16 and 25 cm. The results showed that glyphosate did not control weeds, regardless of rate. With the exception of 2,4-D, which needs complementation with sequential application of another contact herbicide, all alternatives were viable for the control of Conyza spp. plants with a maximum height of 5 cm.

Importance of sequential herbicide application in the control of Elephantopus mollis / A importância da aplicação sequencial no controle de Elephantopus mollis

RESUMO: Popularmente conhecida como pata de elefante ou sussuaiá, Elephantopus mollis, é uma espécie que recentemente surgiu como uma planta daninha em lavouras de cultivos de grãos. Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a sensibilidade diferencial de biótipos de E. mollis oriundos de áreas agrícolas e não agrícolas e determinar as melhores combinações de herbicidas aplicados em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento para o controle desta espécie. Foram realizados três experimentos. No experimento de sensibilidade diferencial foram utilizados dez herbicidas em dois biótipos em duas fases de desenvolvimento. O experimento de dose resposta foi conduzido com oito doses de sete herbicidas. O experimento a campo foi realizado em uma área que apresenta problemas com a planta daninha para validar os resultados dos experimentos anteriores. O biótipo oriundo de área agrícola apresentou menor sensibilidade aos herbicidas quando comparado ao biótipo oriundo de área não agrícola. Os herbicidas de contato inicialmente apresentam controle superior, mas logo a planta apresenta rebrote em função de gemas presentes no colo da planta. A aplicação isolada de 2,4-D com doses entre 1005 e 1675 g e.a ha-1 possui controle de 25%. Quando o 2,4-D é seguido da aplicação de paraquat (400 g i.a ha-1) o controle passa a ser entre 51 e 68%. O melhor tratamento para o controle de plantas desenvolvidas é a mistura de 2,4-D + glyphosate (1340 + 1080 g e.a ha-1) com aplicação sequencial de paraquat.

ABSTRACT: Elephantopus mollis, popularly known as elephant paw or sussuaiá, is a species that has recently emerged as a weed affecting grain crops. This study aimed to evaluate the differential sensitivity of biotypes of E. mollis obtained from agricultural and nonagricultural areas and to determine the best combinations of herbicides applied at different stages of development for controlling this species. Three experiments were conducted. In the differential sensitivity experiment, 10 herbicides were used in 2 biotypes in 2 stages of development. The dose-response experiment was conducted using 8 doses of 7 herbicides. The field experiment was conducted in an area with weed issues to validate the results of previous experiments. The biotype from the agricultural area showed lower sensitivity to herbicides than the biotype from the nonagricultural area. The contact herbicides initially presented better control; however, the weed shortly showed re-growth due to the presence of buds in the plant crown. Isolated application of 2.4-D amine at doses between 1005 and 1675 g a.e. ha−1 demonstrated 25% control. When 2,4-D amine was followed by paraquat application (400 g a.i. ha−1), the control observed was between 51% and 68%. The best treatment for the control of completely developed weeds is 2,4-D amine + glyphosate mixture (1340 + 1080 g a.e. ha−1), followed by sequential paraquat application.

Histoplasmosis en pacientes con SIDA sin manifestaciones cutáneo-mucosas / Histoplasmosis in AIDS patients without tegumentary manifestations

Resumen Antecedentes: La histoplasmosis es una micosis de gran relevancia en pacientes con SIDA. El cuadro clínico puede ser muy variado y, en enfermos que no desarrollan lesiones cutáneas, el diagnóstico suele demorar varias semanas. Objetivo: Establecer pautas que permitan emplear un tratamiento empírico y precoz en pacientes con histoplasmosis asociada al SIDA sin manifestaciones tegumentarias y determinar las características clínicas, microbiológicas y algunos parámetros bioquímicos en los casos de difícil diagnóstico. Métodos: Se analizaron las historias clínicas de 86 pacientes con histoplasmosis. Fueron seleccionados 31 enfermos con histoplasmosis asociada con SIDA sin lesiones cutáneas. Resultados: La fiebre fue el síntoma más frecuente (96,7%), el compromiso pulmonar se comprobó en 22 enfermos (70,9%). El patrón radiológico más frecuentemente hallado en las radiografías de tórax fue el miliar o micronodulillar bilateral [(12/22), 54,5%]. Diecinueve enfermos presentaron esplenomegalia. Los hemocultivos demostraron una sensibilidad de 93,3% (28/30) y la serología fue positiva en 23,5% de los casos. Fallecieron ocho pacientes (25,8%). Los pacientes con recuentos de linfocitos T CD4+ menores a 50 céls/μl, albúmina menor a 2,5 g/dl y pancitopenia evidenciaron un pronóstico desfavorable. Conclusiones: En los pacientes con infección por VIH, fiebre asociada a esplenomegalia y lesiones micronodulillares bilaterales en la radiografía de tórax debe considerarse el tratamiento empírico con anfotericina B cuando existan signos o síntomas de mal pronóstico, debido al tiempo de demora hasta el diagnóstico definitivo. Previo a iniciar el tratamiento deben tomarse todas las muestras para los estudios microbiológicos que permitan confirmar luego la presunción diagnóstica.

Background: Histoplasmosis is a mycosis with a high prevalence in HIV/AIDS patients. Clinical presentation includes a wide spectrum of manifestations and diagnosis usually takes up to several weeks in patients who do not present cutaneous lesions. Aim: To determine the clinical and microbiological characteristics as well as some biochemical parameters in patients with AIDS-associated histoplasmosis without tegumentary lesions, in order to develop a guideline which enables an early empiric treatment in cases of difficult diagnosis. Methods: Medical records of 86 patients with histoplasmosis were reviewed; 31 patients with diagnosis of AIDS-associated histoplasmosis without cutaneous lesions were analyzed. Results: Fever was the most frequent symptom (96.7%), lung involvement was observed in 22 patients (70.9%), the most commonly radiological pattern was miliary pattern [(12/22), 54.5%]. Nineteen patients presented with splenomegaly. Blood culture sensitivity was 93.3% (28/30) and serology was positive only in 23.5% of the cases. Eight patients died (25.8%). Patients in which CD4+ T cell lymphocytes count was < 50 cells/μl, albumin levels < 2.5 g/dl and who presented with pancytopenia had an unfavorable outcome. Conclusions: In HIV seropositive patients with fever associated to splenomegaly and bilateral miliar pattern in chest radiography, the empiric treatment with amphotericin B must be considered if signs and symptoms of unfavorable outcome are present and due to the time that it takes to arrive at an accurate diagnosis. In order to confirm the diagnosis, all microbiological samples should be collected prior to initiating therapy.

Usefulness of an elisa kit for the detection of Histoplasma capsulatum antigen in patients with AIDS

Histoplasmosis is a systemic mycosis frequently affecting patients infected with HIV, appearing as acute or subacute disseminated forms. Early diagnosis is simple when muco-cutaneous lesions are present; but in their absence the use of non-culture based methods is usually required presenting a fundamental challenge for the management and prognosis of this infection. The aim of this study was to analyze the sensitivity and specificity of an Elisa kit for the detection of the galactomannan antigen of Histoplasma capsulatum in different clinical samples. A total of 98 clinical samples obtained from different organic fluids were analyzed: 66 sera, 28 urine samples, 3 bronchoalveolar lavages and one cerebrospinal fluid. They corresponded to a total of 61 patients: 27 with histoplasmosis associated with AIDS, 7 histoplasmosis in nonreactive HIV individuals and 27 patients with other diseases but which were clinically similar to histoplasmosis. The sensitivity of the detection of the galactomannan antigen in serum of patients with histoplasmosis and AIDS was 76% and the specificity was 56%. In urine samples of this group of patients the sensitivity was 75%

Alternativas terapéuticas de la criptococosis meníngea / Therapeutic alternatives meningeal cryptococcosis

Introducción: la criptococosis es una micosis sistémica, co-mún al hombre y a varias especies de animales, producida por el com-plejo Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii. Es una de las mi-cosis oportunistas más frecuentes en enfermos inmunodeprimidos y una de las principales causas de muerte en pacientes con sida. Objetivo: comparar la eficacia terapéutica de dos regímenes utilizados para el tratamiento de la criptococosis meníngea asociada al sida en nuestro hospital: a) inducción con anfotericina B, 0,7 mg/kg por día y b) inducción con anfotericina B 0,7 mg/kg diario y fluconazol 800 mg/día. El régimen de consolidación es el mismo en ambos esquemas (fluco-nazol 800 mg/día).Materiales y métodos: estudio analítico y retrospectivo. Se analiza-ron las historias clínicas de 128 pacientes con criptococosis meníngea asociada al sida. La mitad de los enfermos (grupo A) que fueron diag-nosticados en 2008-2009, fueron tratados durante 4 semanas sólo con anfotericina B, y luego con fluconazol. La otra mitad, (grupo B) diagnos-ticados en 2010-2011, fueron tratados con anfotericina B y fluconazol en forma simultánea. Se comparó tiempo de negativización del cultivo de LCR y mortalidad. Resultados: cincuenta pacientes negativizaron el cultivo de LCR dentro de los treinta días, 11 de los mismos pertenecían al grupo A y los 39 res-tantes al grupo B (p = 0,00001) (IC 95 %: -0,5886 - -0,2864). La mortalidad fue del 35,93 % (23 pacientes) para el grupo A, y del 20,31 % (13 pacientes) para el grupo B (p = 0,07948 IC 95 %: 0,00047 - 0,31203). Conclusiones: la meningitis por Cryptococcus sigue siendo una de las principales causas de muerte en pacientes HIV-sida, lo que lleva en la actualidad a emplear regímenes terapéuticos asociados o sinér-gicos, para elevar la sobrevida en dicha patología.Nuestro trabajo demostró que el tratamiento con an-fotericina B más fluconazol, disminuyó la mortalidad (aunque la diferencia no fue estadísticamente signi-ficativa) y además esterilizó el LCR en un tiempo me-nor al que requirió el grupo A

Background: Cryptococcosis is a systemic mycosis produced by Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii complex. It is one of the most frequent mycoses in immunocompromissed hosts and one of the main causes of death in aids patients.Objective: To compare therapeutic efficacy of two regimens used for the treatment of meningeal cryptococcosis associated to aids in our hospital. Regimen a) Induction with amphotericin B-deoxycholate alone (0.7 mg/kg/day); b) Induction with amphotericin B-deoxycholate (0.7 mg/kg/day + fluconazole 800 mg/day). Consolidation treatment was the same for both groups with fluconazole 800 mg/day.Methods: It was an analytical and retrospective study. One hundred and twenty eight clinical histories from patients with meningeal cryptococcosis associated to aids were analysed. Half of the patients (group A) were treated with amphotericin B alone for 4 weeks; the others (group B) received amphotericin B and fluconazole simultaneously. After that, both groups followed treatment with fluconazole. Time of negativization of CSF cultures and mortality rate for both groups were compared.Results: CSF cultures of 50 patients were negative at day 30, 11 belonged to group A and 39 to group B (p= 0.00001; IC 95%: -0,5886 - -0,2864).). Mortality rate was 35.9% (23 patients) in group A and 20.3% (13 patients) in group B (p= 0,07948 IC 95%: 0,00047 - 0,31203).Conclusions: Cryptococcal meningitis remains as one of the principal causes of death in HIV infected patients and therefore combined therapeutic regimens are employed to improve survival in this pathology. It could be demonstrated that the association of amphotericin B with fluconazole was able to sterilize CSF in a shorter period than amphotericin B alone and mortality rate diminished

Aspergilosis pulmonar cronica por Aspergillus nomius en un una paciente con feohifomicosis diseminada resistente a los antifúngicos / Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis due to Aspergillus nomius in a patient with disseminated phaeohyphomycosis resistant to antifungal drugs

El propósito de esta presentación es dar a conocer los hallazgos clínicos, micológicos e histopatológicos de una aspergilosis pulmonar crónica por Aspergillus nomius, en una mujer de 52 años de edad que sufre de una feohifomicosis diseminada por Exophiala spinifera, con lesiones cutáneas, ganglionares y óseas de 22 años de evolución. La aspergilosis pulmonar se presentó como una neumopatía crónica, de 3 años de duración, que evolucionó hacia la abscedación. Esta infección fúngica se produjo durante el tratamiento con 800 mg/diarios de posaconazol y respondió favorablemente a la administraciónconjunta de caspofungina por vía intravenosa. Finalmente, la enferma fue intervenida quirúrgicamente y se le extirparon los lóbulos medio e inferior del pulmón derecho. En el estudio histopatológico de la pieza quirúrgica se comprobó que Aspergillus nomius invadía los vasos sanguíneos y que se formaba un granuloma epitelioide con células gigantes en torno a las hifas endovasculares. El agente causal deeste caso se aisló de múltiples muestras de expectoración y lavados broncoalveolares, así como de lapieza quirúrgica. Su ubicación taxonómica se hizo en base a estudios de biología molecular. No pudo establecerse una causa clara de inmunodeficiencia en este caso.

Candidiasis invasora de herida quirúrgica, posterior a cirugía cardíaca / Invasive candida wound infection after cardiac surgery

Se presenta una candidiasis úlcero-vegetante de herida quirúrgica post esternotomía en un hombre diabético, de 67 años. El paciente había sido sometido a una intervención quirúrgica de corazón a cielo abierto para reemplazar la válvula mitral debido a una endocarditis bacteriana. Como complicaciones post quirúrgicas presentó mediastinitis, dehiscencia del esternón e infección crónica de la herida quirúrgica. La biopsia de una de las lesiones vecinas a la herida reveló la presencia de seudohifas y blastoconidias de Candida y en los cultivos se aisló Candida albicans. Recibió tratamiento con itraconazol y luego con fluconazol durante 11 meses y se le extrajeron los alambres del esternón. La evolución fue excelente, con cicatrización de todas las lesiones y mejoría de su estado general.

We describe a chronic, ulcerative wound infection due toCandida albicans, as a complicationof heart surgery. The patient was a 67-year old diabetic man, on whom an open-heart surgerywas performed for replacement of the mitral valve due to bacterial endocarditis. Aftercardiac surgery he presented with severe mediastinitis and chronic, granulomatous sternalopen wound infection. The microscopic exam of one skin biopsy showed pseudohyphae andblastoconidiae andC. albicanswas isolated on cultures.The patient was successfully treated with oral itraconazole, later replaced by oral fluconazoleduring 11 months, while the wires of the sternotomy were surgically removed. The outcomeof the infection was excellent, and wound healing and improvement of his general health were observed.

Disseminated nocardiosis with psoas abscess in a patient with AIDS: first reported case

Psoas muscle abscess is an uncommon infection that have been diagnosed increasingly in the last years. We present a case of a patient with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection who developed a disseminated infection due to Nocardia asteroides sensu stricto type VI with psoas abscess. To our knowledge no other cases of Nocardia psoas abscess in the setting of HIV infection have been reported in the literature.

O abscesso do músculo psoas é uma infecção pouco comum que tem sido diagnosticada de maneira crescente nos últimos anos. Apresentamos um caso de paciente com infecção avançada pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) que desenvolveu uma infecção disseminada por Nocardia asteroides senso estrito tipo VI, com abscesso no psoas. Em nosso conhecimento, não foram relatados na literatura outros casos de abscesso do psoas por Nocardia, no contexto da infecção por HIV.

Proporção entre plantas de soja e plantas competidoras e as relações de interferência mútua / Proportion among soybean and competitor plants and the relations of mutual interference

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar as habilidades competitivas relativas de plantas de soja e de genótipos competidores por meio do arranjo em série de substituição. Foram realizados seis experimentos na UFRGS, em Porto Alegre-RS, em 2001 e 2002. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de cinco proporções de plantas de soja e do genótipo competidor: 100:0; 75:25; 50:50; 25:75 e 0:100. A soja foi representada pelos cultivares "IAS 5" e "Fepagro RS 10" e os competidores por nabo ou pelo cultivar de soja "Fundacep 33". Os tratamentos foram dispostos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. A análise da competitividade foi efetuada por meio de diagramas aplicáveis ao arranjo de substituição e interpretação de índices de competitividade. Constatou-se que a proporção entre plantas de soja e de nabo alterou a relação de competição entre essas espécies, mas que a proporção entre plantas de soja de diferentes cultivares não modificou tal relacionamento. O nabo foi mais competitivo que os genótipos de soja "IAS 5" e "Fepagro RS 10", enquanto a competitividade de "Fundacep 33" equivaleu-se à desses cultivares.

The objective of this study was to compare the competitive abilities of soybean plants with those of competitor genotypes through the design of replacement series. There were performed six experiments at UFRGS, in Porto Alegre - RS, in 2001 and 2002. The treatments tested were five proportions of plants among soybean and competitor genotypes: 100:0; 75:25; 50:50; 25:75; and 0:100. Soybean was represented by the cultivars 'IAS 5' and 'Fepagro RS 10', and the competitors by forage radish or by the soybean cultivar 'Fundacep 33'. The treatments were arranged in a completely random experimental design, with four replications. The competitivity analysis was accomplished through diagrams applicable to the substitutive design and interpretation of competitive indexes. It was proved that the proportion among soybean plants and forage radish plants changed the competition relation among these species, but that the proportion among soybean plants from different cultivars did not altered such relationship. Radish was more competitive than the soybean cultivars 'IAS 5' and 'Fepagro RS 10', whereas the competitivity of 'Fundacep 33' genotype was equivalent to these cultivars.

Perdas de rendimento de grãos de soja causadas por interferência de picão-preto e guanxuma / Soybean grain yield losses due to interference by beggatticks and arrowleaf sida

O grau de interferência mútua entre plantas daninhas e cultivadas pode ser afetado pelas espécies concorrentes e por seu nível populacional. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a possibilidade de uso do modelo da hipérbole retangular na previsäo das perdas de rendimento de gräos de soja causadas por picäo-preto (Bidens spp.) e guanxuma (Sida rhombifolia L.). Para isso, foram realizados dois experimentos em campo no Município de Eldorado do Sul-RS, nos anos de 1999/00 e 2000/01. Os tratamentos constaram de densidades de plantas de picäo-preto ou de guanxuma, as quais foram alocadas de acordo com níveis populacionais de ervas encontrados naturalmente na área experimental. Constatou-se que as perdas de rendimento causadas por incrementos nas densidades de picäo-preto e de guanxuma aumentaram de forma näo linear. O modelo da hipérbole retangular propicia melhores ajustes quando utiliza perdas do rendimento de gräos do que perdas da matéria seca da soja no florescimento ou do rendimento biológico da soja. por meio da comparaçäo dos parâmetros obtidos para o modelo testado, conclui-se que picäo-preto interfere mais negativamente na cultura do que guanxuma

Trombocitosis en pacientes pediátricos con bronconeumopatías / Thrombocytosis in pediatrics patients with bronchopneumopathies

Las trombocitosis fueron observadas en diferentes procesos patológicos. En éste trabajo se analizan los resultados obtenidos en el recuento de plaquetas de una población de 581 niños, 267 de sexo masculino y 314 de sexo femenino. De ellos 281 presentaron procesos broncopulmonares, 100 presentaron procesos no broncopulmonares y 200 fueron tomados como controles sanos. Los recuentos se realizaron utilizando un contador hematológico ABX (ISO 9001) COBAS MICROS, y se controlaron mediante recuentos en cámara de Neubauer, utilizando un microscopio de contraste de fase (Verb Carl Jena). El 91,1 por ciento de los pacientes con procesos broncopulmonares tuvieron recuentos de plaquetas elevados (> 350 x 109/l) con una media de 468 x 109/l. De los niños que presentaron procesos no broncopulmonares, sólo un 13,5 por ciento tuvo recuentos mayores al valor máximo de referencia con una media de 271 x 109/l. En el grupo control no se hallaron valores aumentados del recuento de plaquetas, siendo su media de 254 x 109/l. En éste trabajo se comprueba que las patologías broncopulmonares, en sus estadíos tempranos, son las que más estimulan los mecanismos de producción y liberación de plaquetas, a partir de los megacariocitos. Se discuten las causas por las cuales éstos probables mecanismos podrían ocurrir en el lecho capilar pulmonar. Los pacientes estudiados en ésta casuística no presentaron complicaciones tromboembólicas ni hemorrágicas

Micetomas en el Hospital de Infecciosas Francisco Javier Muniz de la ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina / Mycetomas in the Muniz Hospital of Buenos Aires City

Se presentam las características clínicas, microbiológicas y los resultados terapéuticos de 54 casos de micetoma, disgnosticados en los ultimos 10 anos en le Hospital Muniz. Treita y dos fueron varones y 22 mujeres, la edad promedio fue de 43.4 anos (20-27 anos). La mayoria de los enfermos adquirió la infección en el norte de la Argentina (Santiago del Estero 2o casos, Chaco 9, Formosa 3, Salta 2 y Catamarca1) y 6 pacientes de evolución de la enfermedad fue de 9.1 anos (6 meses a 30 anos)...