RESUMO
Lung function tests are essential for the diagnosis and management of different respiratory tract diseases; among them the spirometry is the gold standard technique. The accurate diagnosis, management and monitoring require proper interpretation of the results which depends upon the availability of spirometry reference data for that particular region to differentiate the diseased condition from the normal ones. Multiple studies had been done to find out their own area specific reference ranges but it is still lacking. This need was fulfilled by the Global Lung Function Initiative [GLI] in 2012, which reported the first global spirometry equation for all of the age groups. But some of the studies reported difference among GLI reference range and the measured range for that particular region. So here is the review of the reference ranges among 35,603 Asian children and adolescents from the 32 studies done specifically in Asia. The aim was to compare them with the study done by GLI team, along with these, tried to rule out the causal factor that are responsible for the variations in the reference ranges among the children and adolescents of different population. The literature was searched by using Google scholar and PubMed during the month of March up to July 2017. The review of all the articles published in Asia, specifically accounting for normal reference ranges in children and adolescent exhibit a wide variation among the reference ranges. This also suggest involvement of multiple modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. So it's necessary to update the reference ranges for spirometry and its prediction equation as well
RESUMO
Objective: To evaluate the prevalence and severity of menopausal symptoms and understand the perception of quality of life and the attitudes of women towards the use of Hormone Replacement Therapy [HRT]. We aimed also to establish the correlation between menopausal symptoms with age, BMI and quality of life among the postmenopausal women
Methodology: A cross-sectional survey was conducted at the department of Obstetrics and gynecology of Ziauddin University Karachi, from June 2015 to December 2015. A total of 300 postmenopausal women between the ages of 40 and 70 years were enrolled and studied using an interview questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of self-perception of well-being, physical activity, socio-demographic data, and information regarding HRT and modified Menopausal Rating Scale [MRS]
Results: Mean age of the subjects was 57 years, with 38% of the study participants being illiterate. Most of the patients had mild somatic symptoms. Most frequently reported symptoms were joint and muscular pain [79.9%], anxiety and overall exhaustion [79.6%] and sweating and hot flushes [78.8%]. Very few women were using HRT [12.6%]. A significant link was found between women self-perception and increased weight, with severity of postmenopausal symptoms
Conclusion: Majority of women suffer from postmenopausal symptoms but in most cases it remains untreated due to lack of awareness, hesitancy and reluctance of the treating physicians. Women self-perception of menopause affects quality of life.Those who take it positively suffer from less symptoms