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AIM: To explore the effects of exendin-4 (EX-4) on endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-mediated insulin resistance in the 3T3-L1 adipocytes.METHODS: In vitro 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes were differentiated into adipocytes, and the cells were treated with tunicamycin (TM), tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) or EX-4, respectively.The cell viability was measured by MTT assay.The glucose consumption was determined by glucose oxidase assay to evaluate insulin sensitivity of the 3T3-L1 adipocytes with different interventions.The protein levels of p-Akt, Akt and endoplasmic reticulum stress markers, including inositol requiring enzyme-1 (IRE1), p-IRE1, JNK, p-JNK, protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), p-PERK, eukaryotic initation factor 2 alpha (eIF2a), p-eIF2a, activating transcription factor-6(ATF-6) were detected by Western blot.RESULTS: The insulin-stimulated glucose consumption and the protein level of p-Akt were inhibited by TM at 5 mg/L for 5 h (P<0.05), while they were increased when the cells were treated with TUDCA at 1 mmol/L or EX-4 at 100 nmol/L for 24 h (P<0.05).The effects above induced by TM (5 mg/L for 5 h) were also blunted by pretreating with TUDCA at 1 mmol/L or EX-4 at 100 nmol/L for 24 h (P<0.05).The protein levels of ERS markers such as p-IRE1, p-JNK, p-PERK, p-eIF2a and ATF-6 were significantly increased by treating with TM at 5 mg/L for 5 h, whereas 24 h pre-treatment with TUDCA or Ex-4 alleviated the ERS of the 3T3-L1 adipocytes induced by TM.The expression of total IRE1, JNK, PERK and eIF2a was not changed in different groups.CONCLUSION: Exendin-4 improves endoplasmic reticulum stress mediated insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
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Objective To investigate the correlation between the stroke-related risk factors and carotid stenosis lesions of ≥40 year′s old Han and minority populations in a community in Beijing as well as the clinical value of carotid ultrasound screening. Methods An investigation of risk factors for stroke and the results of carotid artery ultrasound screening in 510 cases (≥40 years old) Han population and 243 minority population in a community in Minzu University of China in Beijing in April 2014 were analyzed. Results (1)The prevalence of hypertension of the Han population was significantly higher than that of the minority population (53. 5% [n=273] vs. 44. 4% [n=108]; χ2 =5. 43,P=0. 02). (2) The detected rate of carotid intima-media thickness ( IMT ) of the Han population was higher than that of the minority population (77. 5% [n=395] vs. 69. 1% [n=168]; χ2 =6. 03,P=0. 01). There was no significantly difference in the detected rates of carotid plaques and carotid artery stenosis between the two groups (χ2 =0. 56,1. 13 respectively,all P>0. 05). (3) Hypertension and smoking were the independent risk factors for carotid-intima thickening in Han population ( hypertension:OR,1. 851;95% CI 1. 213-2. 825; smoking:OR,2. 311;95% CI 1. 065-5. 016;all P<0. 05). Hyperlipidemia was an independent risk factor for carotid artery intima-media thickening in the minority population (OR,2. 586;95% CI 0. 952-8. 694,P<0. 01). Conclusion To investigate the risk factors for stroke in minority population in China are of particular importance for the prevention of carotid atherosclerotic disease. Carotid ultrasound examination is an important diagnostic technique for early detection of carotid atherosclerotic disease.
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Objective: To compare the protective effect of various preparations from Tiaogan Lipi prescription on mouse ethanol hepatic injury.Methods:The hepatic injury model of mice was replicated with ethanol.Comparing with Fufang Biejia Ruan’gan prescription,three preparations from Tiaogan Lipi prescription were administrated for protecting the hepatic injury.The contents of AST,ALT,CHOL and TG in serum and the MDA and SOD in liver tissue were tested.The pathological changes of the liver had been evaluated.Results:Three preparations from Tiaogan Lipi reduces the level of ASTALTCHOL TG,lowers the content of MDA(P