3D-printed scaffolds repair infected bone defects / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:At present,the treatment of infected bone defects has the problems of long course of disease,poor treatment effect and high cost.The osteogenic effect of personalized bone replacement materials in clinical treatment is limited.Therefore,a 3D-printed bone graft material with both good osteogenic effect and antibacterial effect is urgently needed for clinical treatment. OBJECTIVE:To summarize the research status of 3D-printed scaffolds loaded with antimicrobial agents for the treatment of infected bone defects. METHODS:PubMed,Web of Science,Elsevier,and CNKI databases from January 2010 to June 2022 were searched for related articles.The Chinese search terms were"bone defect,3D printing,scaffold material,antibacterial,animal experiments,in vitro experiments".English search terms were"bone defect,3D printing,scaffold,antibiosis,animal experiment,in vitro".Finally,60 articles were included for review and analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The 3D scaffolds made of titanium,magnesium,tantalum and other metals and their alloys have certain osteogenic properties,but do not have antibacterial function.Hydroxyapatite and other bioceramic materials have good biocompatibility and are prone to be degraded,whereas due to the lack of strength,they are usually combined with artificial polymer materials to form composite materials,which respectively mimic the inorganic and organic components in natural bone,and play their respective excellent functions.Antibiotics,silver/copper nanoparticles,antimicrobial peptides,gallium and other antibacterial agents play an antibacterial role by destroying bacterial cell membrane,producing reactive oxygen species to interfere with bacterial DNA replication,inhibiting iron absorption and other mechanisms.As a result,the 3D-printed scaffold has both antibacterial and osteogenic effects.However,there are still some problems such as drug resistance and difficult to control effective concentrations.3D-printed scaffolds are often loaded with antibacterial agents by loading drug-loaded microspheres on scaffolds,preparing antibacterial coating on the scaffold surface,and participating in joint 3D printing with drugs.The loading mode of antibacterial coating prepared on the scaffold surface is the most widely used,and its antibacterial effect is more stable.Nonetheless,the selection of the most suitable loading mode for antibacterial agents needs to be further discussed and summarized.It is a future research prospect to optimize the mechanical properties of composite scaffolds and prepare biomimetic bone scaffolds so that the degradation rate is consistent with the bone reconstruction rate in infected bone defects.The ideal antibacterial agents may play a role through a variety of antibacterial mechanisms,thus being expected to play a good antibacterial effect through low antibacterial concentration,which should be a hot spot of anti-bone infection research.After loading antibacterial agents on the surface of the scaffold,antibacterial agents can"intelligently"react to the local microenvironment,achieving controlled release,and regulating the osteogenesis,vascularization and immune response of the microenvironment,which is the focus of current research.

Clinical study on core decompression in treating osteonecrosis of the femoral head of the necrotic bone-in different site / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the clinical effect of decompression and bone grafting on osteonecrosis of the femoral head(ONFH) at different sites of necrotic lesions.@*METHODS@#A total of 105 patients with ARCOⅡstage ONFH admitted from January 2017 to December 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 71 males and 34 females, with an average age of (55.20±10.98) years old. The mean course of all patients was(15.91±9.85) months. According to Japanese Inveatigation Committee (JIC) classification, all patients were divided into 4 types:17 cases of type A, 26 cases of type B, 33 cases of type C1 and 29 cases of type C2. All four groups were treated with decompression of the pulp core and bone grafting. Visual analogue scale(VAS) and Harris hip joint score were used before and at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after the operation, and the collapse of the femoral head was observed by X-ray examination within 2 years.@*RESULTS@#All 105 patients were successful on operation without complications, and the mean follow-up duration was (24.45±2.75) months. Harris score showed that there was no statistical difference among four groups before surgery and 3, 6 months after surgery (P>0.05);at 12 and 24 months after surgery, there were significant differences among all groups (P<0.01). There were significant differences in intragroup Harris scores at preoperative and postoperative time points among four groups (P<0.01). VAS showed that there was no statistical difference among four groups before and 3, 6 months after surgery (P>0.05);at 12 and 24 months after surgery, there were significant differences among all groups (P<0.01). There were significant differences in VAS at preoperative and postoperative time points among four groups (P<0.01). None of the patients in four groups had femoral head collapse before and 3, 6 months after surgery. At 12 months after operation, there were 3 cases of femoral head collapse in group C and 4 cases in group C2(P>0.05);At 24 months after operation, 1 case of femoral head collapse occurred in group B, 6 cases in group C1 and 8 cases in group C2(P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Core decompression and bone grafting can improve the effect of ONFH and hip preservation. The effect of hip preservation for ONFH is closely related to the location of the osteonecrosis lesion, so the influence of the location of lesion on the effect of hip preservation should be considered in clinical treatment, so as to make better preoperative hip preservation plan.

Research progress on the effects of childhood obstructive sleep apnea syndrome on cognition and brain functions / 生理学报

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), a prevalent sleep disorder in children, is characterized by recurring upper airway obstruction during sleep. OSAS in children can cause intermittent hypoxia and sleep fragmentation, ultimately affect brain development and further lead to cognitive impairment if lack of timely effective intervention. In recent years, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and electroencephalogram (EEG) have been employed to investigate brain structure and function abnormalities in children with OSAS. Previous studies have indicated that children with OSAS showed extensive gray and white matter damage, abnormal brain function in regions such as the frontal lobe and hippocampus, as well as a significant decline in general cognitive function and executive function. However, the existing studies mainly focused on the regional activity, and the mechanism of pediatric OSAS affecting brain networks remains unknown. Moreover, it's unclear whether the alterations in brain structure and function are associated with their cognitive impairment. In this review article, we proposed two future research directions: 1) future studies should utilize the multimodal neuroimaging techniques to reveal the alterations of brain networks organization underlying pediatric OSAS; 2) further investigation is necessary to explore the relationship between brain network alteration and cognitive dysfunction in children with OSAS. With these efforts, it will be promising to identify the neuroimaging biomarkers for monitoring the brain development of children with OSAS as well as aiding its clinical diagnosis, and ultimately develop more effective strategies for intervention, diagnosis, and treatment.

Buyang Huanwu Decoction Ameliorates Damage of Erectile Tissue and Function Following Bilateral Cavernous Nerve Injury / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To verify the effect of Buyang Huanwu Decoction (BHD) in ameliorating erectile dysfunction (ED) after radical prostatectomy (RP).@*METHODS@#The composition of BHD was verified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS) analysis. Bilateral cavernous nerve crush injury (BCNI) in rats was used to mimic the neurovascular injury occurring after RP. By the envelope method, forty rats were randomly divided into 4 groups as follows: sham (cavernous nerves exposed only), model (BCNI), low-dosage BHD [LBHD, 12.8 g/(kg·d)], and high-dosage BHD [HBHD, 51.2 g/(kg·d)] groups, 10 rats in each group, feeding for 3 weeks respectively. Erectile function was evaluated by measuring intracavernosal pressure (ICP). Changes in the histopathology of corpus cavernosum (CC) were examined by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Meanwhile, the fibrosis of CC was measured by Masson's trichrome staining and Western blot was used to detect the expressions of collagen I, transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF- β 1) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Apoptosis index was detected by terminal-deoxynucleoitidyl transferase mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL) and Western blot for determining the expressions of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2-associated X (Bax). The oxidative stress in the CC were assessed by the superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. The proteins expression of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and c-Jun were detected by Western blot. In addition, the expression of α-SMA and p-c-Jun in the CC was observed by double immunofluorescence staining.@*RESULTS@#The UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS analysis showed that BHD contained calycosin-7-O- β -D-glucoside, ononin, calycosin and formononetin. Compared with the model group, LBHD and HBHD treatment improved the ICP and the circumference, area, and weight of CC (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Furthermore, LBHD and HBHD treatments increased CC smooth muscle content and decreased apoptosis index (P<0.05 or P<0.01). LBHD and HBHD also elevated SOD and expression level of α -SMA and Bcl-2, and reduced MDA and ROS levels, as well as expression of TGF- β 1, collagen I, Bax, p-c-JNK, p-JNK in the CC compared with the model group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The double immunofluorescence staining showed that the fluorescence degree of p-c-Jun in both LBHD and HBHD treatment groups was significantly reduced, whereas the α -SMA expression increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01).@*CONCLUSIONS@#BHD can improve ED of rats with BCNI, which is related to inhibiting fibrosis, apoptosis, and oxidative stress of CC. The ROS/JNK/c-Jun signaling pathway may play an important role in the process.

Epidemiological and etiological characteristics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains causing foodborne disease outbreaks in Guangdong Province from 2017 to 2020 / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective: To study the epidemiological and pathogenic characteristics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from outbreaks cases in Guangdong Province, 2017-2020. Methods: Epidemiological characteristics of 87 outbreak events caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus were analyzed. Strains were serotyped, and then analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results: The food-borne disease outbreak caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus was found in 16 cities. 44.8% (39/87) and 37.9% (33/87) of the outbreaks occurred in hotels, restaurants and school canteens, respectively. Improper food processing and storage (40.2%, 35/87) and cross contamination caused by indiscriminate raw and cooked food (25.3%, 22/87) were the main causes of food-borne disease outbreaks of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The main serotypes of patient derived strains were O3:K6 (87.5%) and O4:KUT (22.5%). The similarity value between O3:K6 type isolates was 65.5%-100.0%, and the PFGE pattern similarity value of O4:KUT type isolates was 66.5%-100.0%. Conclusion: Outbreaks caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus are widely distributed in Guangdong province. It is necessary to strengthen the publicity and education on the correct handling of food in hotels, restaurants, schools, and unit canteens. O3:K6 and O4:KUT serotypes are the main serotypes of the outbreak. There is genetic diversity among the epidemic strains.

Research progress of exosomal miRNA in skin wound healing and regeneration / 中国临床药理学与治疗学

Skin is the largest organ of the human body, and maintaining the integrity of the skin is very important to maintain the normal function of the body. Repair and regeneration after skin trauma is a complex dynamic process, which involves biological processes such as cell proliferation and migration, extracellular matrix synthesis and deposition, angiogenesis and remodeling. Recently, exocrine miRNA is increasingly considered as a potential therapy for the treatment of skin trauma. Exosomes, as intercellular messengers, can affect the function of target cells through fusion, endocytosis and receptor-ligand interaction. MiRNA, the main component of exosomes, plays an important role in all stages of wound repair. Therefore, understanding the specific role of exocrine miRNA in skin wound repair and regeneration may provide a powerful basis for the development of new treatments for skin trauma in the future. In this review, we summarized the role of exocrine miRNA in the three stages of inflammation, proliferation and remodeling of skin wound repair and regeneration, and expounded its mechanism. In addition, we also discussed the current limitations and future prospects of the study of exocrine miRNA in skin wound repair and regeneration, in order to provide ideas for follow-up research.

Ectopic expression of the AmDREB1F gene from Ammopiptanthus mongolicus enhances stress tolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis / 生物工程学报

Dehydration-responsive element binding proteins (DREBs) are an important class of transcription factors related to plant stress tolerance. Ammopiptanthus mongolicus is an evergreen broadleaf shrub endemic to desert areas of northwest China, and it has a very high tolerance to harsh environments. In order to reveal the functions and mechanisms of the AmDREB1F gene from this species in enduring abiotic stresses, we performed subcellular localization test, expression pattern analysis, and stress tolerance evaluation of transgenic Arabidopsis harboring this gene. The protein encoded by AmDREB1F was localized in the nucleus. In laboratory-cultured A. mongolicus seedlings, the expression of AmDREB1F was induced significantly by cold and drought but very slightly by salt and heat stresses, and undetectable upon ABA treatment. In leaves of naturally growing shrubs in the wild, the expression levels of the AmDREB1F gene were much higher during the late autumn, winter and early spring than in other seasons. Moreover, the expression was abundant in roots and immature pods rather than other organs of the shrubs. Constitutive expression of AmDREB1F in Arabidopsis induced the expression of several DREB-regulated stress-responsive genes and improved the tolerance of transgenic lines to drought, high salinity and low temperature as well as oxidative stress. The constitutive expression also caused growth retardation of the transgenics, which could be eliminated by the application of gibberellin 3. Stress-inducible expression of AmDREB1F also enhanced the tolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis to all of the four stresses mentioned above, without affecting its growth and development. These results suggest that AmDREB1F gene may play positive regulatory roles in response to abiotic stresses through the ABA-independent signaling pathways.

Application of polymeric porcelain color-masking cast posts in the aesthetic repair of anterior teeth: a case report / 华西口腔医学杂志

Many patients with large-area tooth defect need cast post-core crown restoration. However, the color defect of the cast post-core will affect the final restorative result, especially that of the anterior teeth. A new technology of color masking by applying CERAMAGE polymeric porcelain to the cast metal post-core surface improves the color of a full-ceramic restoration of anterior teeth and may provide a new alternative for the aesthetic repair of anterior teeth with a large area of defective tooth.

Clinical value of captopril test in noninvasive diagnosis of aldosterone-producing adenoma / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the clinical characteristics of aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) subtypes in primary aldosteronism (PA) and the application value of captopril challenge test (CCT) in adenomas. And to find out the clinically specific non-invasive index for identifying APA subtypes from PA.@*METHODS@#The clinical data of hospitalized patients with hypertension were retrospectively collected. All the patients were conducted with the CCT and 90 patients with PA were confirmed. Among them, 34 patients were confirmed to have APA by surgery. The clinical indicators of the two groups of patients including plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC), aldosterone inhibition rate (%), and aldosterone to renin ratio (ARR) before and after the CCT were compared, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for the relevant indicators before and after the CCT drawn, and the areas under the curve (AUC) compared. The ROC curves were used to analyze the efficiency of the different CCT diagnostic criteria for diagnosing APA.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the PA group, the duration of hypertension was shorter, the incidence of hypokalemia was higher, and the average serum potassium level was lower when APA was diagnosed. There were no significant differences in blood pressure level, gender, serum sodium and body mass index between the two groups. Compared with PA population, APA group had higher PAC and ARR whether before or after the CCT, but lower plasma renin concentration (PRC). In APA patients, the mean degree of PAC declined after CCT was approximately 5.7%, but 5% with that of PA. As for diagnosing, ARR before or after CCT had diagnostic value for APA, in which the ARR cut-off point was 7.12, which yielded a sensitivity and specificity of 35.85% and 77.78%. The cut-off point of ARR after CCT was 4.23, with a sensitivity of 71.43% and specificity of 62.22%. For the diagnosis, the ARR before and after CCT were of no significant difference. However, the diagnostic specificity of ARR>7.12 combined with hypokalemia was up to 80%.@*CONCLUSION@#ARR before or after CCT have clinical value for the diagnosis of APA from PA, when combined with hypokalemia yielded high specificity.

Effect of microvascular pericytes of cochlear stria vascularis on endothelial cell permeability in C57BL/6J mice / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective: To study the changes in the permeability of the blood labyrinth barrier of the aging cochlea in mice, and to establish a non-contact co-culture model of endothelial cells (EC) and pericytes (PC) to furtherly investigate the cochlear stria vascularis microvascular pericytes impact on the permeability of endothelial cells. Methods: C57BL/6J mice were divided into two groups, three months old as young group, 12 months old as senile group. Cell experiment was divided into four groups, EC group, EC+PC co-culture group, D-gal+EC group and D-gal+EC+PC co-culture group. Auditory brainstem response (auditory brain response, ABR) was used to detect the auditory function of the two groups of mice. Evans blue staining was applied to detect the permeability of the cochlear blood labyrinth barrier of the two groups of mice. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the ultrastructure of blood labyrinth barrier endothelial cells, pericytes and tight junctions in the two groups of mice. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression levels of tight junction proteins in the stria vascularis of the cochlea of the two groups of mice. Transwell chamber was used to detect the permeability of endothelial cells. Western blot and immunofluorescence technology were used to detect the expression level of tight junction protein on endothelial cells. SPSS 20.0 software was used to analyze the data. Results: Compared with the young group, the ABR threshold of the aging group was significantly increased, the latency of wave I was prolonged (t=10.25, P<0.01;t=5.61, P<0.05), the permeability of the cochlear blood labyrinth barrier was increased and the expression of tight junction protein on the vascular stria was decreased (P<0.05). The cochlear ultrastructure showed that the cochlear vascular stria microvascular lumen was deformed, the basement membrane thickened and the tight junction gap between endothelium enlarged. The positive rate of ECs and PCs in primary culture was more than 95%. The cells induced by 15 g/L D-gal were determined to be senescent cells. Compared with EC group, the expression of tight junction protein in endothelial cells of D-gal+EC group decreased（t=7.42，P<0.01；t=13.19，P<0.05）and the permeability increased (t=11.17, P<0.01). In the co-culture group, the expression of tight junction protein between endothelial cells in EC+PC co-culture group and D-gal+EC+PC co-culture group increased and the permeability decreased. Conclusions: In aging mice, the permeability of cochlear blood labyrinth barrier will increase and the level of tight junction protein will decrease; in aging state, cochlear vascular stria microvascular pericytes may affect endothelial cell permeability by regulating the expression of tight junction protein.

The value of textural analysis based on dynamic contrast-enhanced-MRI in predicting IDH genetic phenotypes of high-grade gliomas / 中华放射学杂志

Objective:To investigate the value of dynamic contrast-enhanced(DCE)-MRI based textural analysis in differentiating IDH mutated high-grade gliomas from IDH gene wild types.Methods:Twenty-nine patients with high grade gliomas collected from April 2016 to December 2019 in First People's Hospital of Changzhou were assessed retrospectively, including 10 patients with IDH mutation and 19 patients with IDH gene wild type. All patients underwent DCE, conventional plain and enhanced MR scanning. Omni Kinetics software was used to perform DCE-MRI data processing, volume transfer constant (K trans), ratio constant of tracer refluxing from tissue to plasma (Kep), extravascular extracellular space per unit volume of tissue (Ve), blood plasma volume (Vp) and area under the gadolinium concentration-time curve (AUC) were obtained. Five commonly used textural features, including Energy, Entropy, Inertia, Correlation, and Inver Difference Moment (IDM), were generated based on gray-level co-occurrence matrices. The independent samples t test (normal distributionand equal variance) or Mann-Whitney rank sum test (abnormal distribution or unequal variance) was used to compare the differences in textural features of DCE-MRI parameters between IDH mutated group and IDH gene wild type group. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate the efficiency of textural features of DCE-MRI parameters in differentiating IDH mutated high-grade gliomas from IDH gene wild types for statistically significant textural features. Results:Entropy of K trans and Ve for IDH mutated group were 5.368±1.458 and 6.698±1.081, respectively; while the corresponding values were 7.334±1.385 and 8.213±1.320 for IDH gene wild type group, respectively. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant ( t values were-3.570, -3.113, P values were 0.001, 0.004, respectively). Inverse difference moment of K trans and Ve for IDH mutated group were 0.567±0.147 and 0.417±0.106, respectively; while for IDH gene wild type group, the values were 0.393±0.119 and 0.296±0.101, respectively. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant ( t values were 3.452, 3.014, P values were 0.002, 0.006, respectively). In all textural features, the area under the ROC curve of entropy of K trans was the largest (0.874), and the sensitivity was the highest (100%), and the specificity of IDM of Ve was the highest (94.7%). Conclusion:Textural analysis of DCE-MRI can help to differentiate IDH mutated high-grade gliomas from IDH gene wild types.

Evaluation of the installation and use of air purification equipments in primary schools in Beijing / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate the current situation of the installation and use of air purification equipment in primary schools in Beijing in order to provide data for school-based air pollution prevention and intervention.@*Methods@#A questionnaire survey was conducted in 50 primary schools in 6 districts in Beijing. Spearman correlation coefficient and Pearson correlation coefficient were used to test the correlation between installation rate of air purification equipment and per capita disposable income.@*Results@#The overall installation rate of air purifier or fresh air system in primary schools in Beijing was 62.0%, the overall installation rate of air purifier was 50.0% and the overall installation rate of fresh air system was 18.0%. Installation rate of fresh air system or air purifier was highly correlated with per capita disposable income (r=0.92, P=0.01).@*Conclusion@#The installation rate of air purification equipment in primary schools is relatively high, but parameters and purification types are not unified, and there is a lack of scientific guideline. Therefore, the installation and use of air purification equipment in schools should be further standardized and unified to protect the health of children and adolescents.

Association between breastfeeding and types of obesity in children and adolescents / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore the association between breastfeeding and the type of obesity in children and adolescents, and to provide a theoretical basis for the identification and intervention of influential factors of different types of childhood obesity.@*Methods@#Using stratified cluster sampling method, 93 primary and secondary schools in 7 provinces and cities in China were selected for physical examination and questionnaire surveys. Totally, 30 437 primary and middle school students aged 7-17, with completed information, were selected. A multivariable Logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between breastfeeding and different types of obesity.@*Results@#The breastfeeding rate of students was 69.8%. The rates of general obesity, simple abdominal obesity, and combined obesity in the breastfeeding group were 7.1%, 3.9%, and 18.7%, the non-breastfeeding group were 7.0%, 4.7%, and 19.5%. The differences were statistically significant(χ2=14.04,P<0.01). Univariate analysis found that breastfeeding significantly reduced the risk of simple abdominal obesity in children and adolescents(OR=0.81,95%CI=0.72-0.92,P<0.01) with normal(BMI non-overweight and obesity and waist <P90) as control group. After adjustment, breastfeeding could still significantly reduce the risk of simple abdominal obesity(OR=0.76,95%CI=0.67-0.86,P<0.01), and combined obesity(OR=0.93,95%CI=0.87-0.99,P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#Breastfeeding is a protective factor for children with simple abdominal obesity and combined obesity, and the rate of breastfeeding in China should be further improved.

Precise tooth preparation technique guided by 3D printing guide plate with quantitative hole / 华西口腔医学杂志

The minimum amount of tooth preparation that can be fully controlled is crucial in achieving long-term, stable, and effective aesthetic restoration, which is also a major difficulty in aesthetic restoration. The tooth preparation can be imple-mented efficiently and accurately through digital technology based on the fixed-deep hole guiding technology. Prior the actual tooth preparation, the technology first designs the virtual contour, layering, and virtual occlusion of the prosthesis on the computer. Then, virtual tooth preparation is carried out by cutting back according to the virtual prosthesis. Next, the virtual drilling operation plan is designed according to the shape of the virtual tooth preparation and the contour of the abutment tooth. Finally, the tooth preparation guide plate is designed and printed in 3D. It realizes the whole process of quantitative and precise guidance of dental preparation, visualizes the restoration space, reduces the clinical operation time, and guarantees the quality of dental preparation. It also promotes the improvement of the teaching quality of digital practical exercises.

Research progress in organoids and applications / 中国药理学与毒理学杂志

An organoid is a novel in vitro model, formed by self-organization of stem cells or tumor cells under three-dimension culture. It recapitulates many aspects of structural organization and functionality of its in vivo organ counterparts and maintains the stability of genetic materials under long-term culture, thus holding great promise for modeling disease, drug screening and personalized medicine. So far, normal and tumor organoids from structures such as esophagus, stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas and prostate and mammary gland have been established, providing a new culture platform in vitro. This article reviews the classification and biomedical applications of organoids.

Association between sleep and poor vision in Chinese Han students aged 7-18 years / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To analyze the relationship between sleep and poor vision of primary and middle school students aged 7-18 years, and to provide evidence for further student eye health promotion.@*Methods@#Data was collected from the Chinese National Survey on Students’ Constitution and Health in 2014. A total of 173 555 primary and middle school students were examined with the 5 m standard visual acuity chart. Sleep, homework time, milk consumption and exercise duration were collected by questionnaire survey.@*Results@#Only 5.60% of students aged 7-18 years had enough sleep, and the poor vision rate among students with insufficient sleep was higher than that of students with sufficient sleep(69.11% vs 67.76%), and the difference is statistically significant(χ2=7.87，P=0.01). After adjusted for other related factors, it showed that students’ sleep was closely related to poor vision(P<0.01), and adequate sleep was the protective factor of students’ poor vision (OR=0.92，95%CI=0.88-0.96).@*Conclusion@#Adequate sleep is conducive to preventing the occurrence of poor vision of primary and secondary school students in China. We should take measures to ensure that students get enough sleep.

Community composition and ecological functional structural analysis of endophytic fungi in bark of Eucommia ulmoides in different areas / 中国中药杂志

Based on high-throughput sequencing and metagenomic technology,the community composition and ecological functions of endophytic fungi in the bark of Eucommia ulmoides from three producing areas,Fengxiang town in Zunyi county of Guizhou province,Lingyang town of Cili county of Hunan province and Mumen town of Wangcang county of Sichuan province,were analyzed. A total of110 865 effective sequences of endophytic fungi were obtained in the study. The corresponding fungal group of OTUs after clustering belonged to 3 phyla( Ascomycota,Basidiomycota,Zygomycota),10 classes,25 orders,41 families,57 genera and 74 species. Among them,the dominant genera of Sichuan Wangcang Bark of E. ulmoides( EWP) was an unclassified genus in the Nectriaceae of the Crimsonaceae,with a relative abundance of 54. 79%; The dominant species of Hunan Cili Bark of E. ulmoides( ECP) was the unclassified genus of Ascomycota,with a relative abundance of 39. 97% and the dominant species of Guizhou Zunyi bark( EZP) was Lophiostoma,and its relative abundance was 47. 07%. The analysis of α diversity indicated that the shannon diversity index of endophytic fungi from different places was as follows: ECP: 1. 340 2>EZP: 1. 380 4 > EWP: 1. 168 3. The simpson diversity index was: EWP( 0. 427 3) >EZP( 0. 332 5) > ECP( 0. 313 6). FUNGuild software platform analysis displayed that endophytic fungi of E. ulmoides bark from three producing areas contained the following 14 functional groups: plant pathogen,animal pathogen and endophyte et al.,the number of functional groups in the 3 samples of E. ulmoides reached up 8 genera and exceeded one half of the total number. Correlation analysis of Canonical correspondence analysis( CCA) between endophytic fungal community diversity and four active compounds of E. ulmoides were analyzed,the results showed that the contents of pinoresinol diglucoside and chlorogenic acid,to a certain extend,had a positive correlation with an unclassified genus of Davidiellaceae,Mortierella,Chaetomium and Pestalotiopsis from the endophytic fungi in EWP sample.

Composition and source apportionment differences of daytime and nighttime samples of PM2.5 in the community of suburb in Tianjin during different heating periods / 中华疾病控制杂志

Objective To study the pollution and source apportionment differences of different periods PM2.5 in the residential community of suburb in Tianjin City during heating and non-heating periods. Methods From 2015 to 2016, daytime and nighttime PM2.5 samples were collected at a community in the suburb of Tianjin. The mass concentration of PM2.5 samples and major chemical components in PM2.5, including metal elements, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and inorganic water-soluble ions were monitored. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was used to apportion potential sources of metal elements, PAHs and inorganic water-soluble ions in daytime and nighttime PM2.5. Results In the heating period, the concentrations of some metal elements of suburban residential community were higher in the daytime than in the nighttime. In the non-heating period, the concentrations of some PAHs and inorganic water-soluble ions of suburban residential community were higher in the nighttime than in the daytime. Meanwhile, the concentrations of some metal elements were greater in the daytime than in the nighttime. When in heating period, the main source of PM2.5 in the suburban residential community was coal combustion during daytime and its source contribution rate was 50.1% while secondary aerosol and fuel combustion emissions of gasoline and diesel vehicles were main sources during nighttime and their source contribution rates were 41.0% and 35.9%. The principal source of daytime PM2.5 in the suburban residential community was indoor activity emissions during non-heating period, and secondary aerosol was main source during nighttime and their source contribution rates were 29.8% and 31.1%. Conclusions The pollution status of PM2.5 in residential communities of suburban is serious, and the source apportionment of day and night PM2.5 samples has different in different heating periods.

The outcomes of operation for 237 patients with Ebstein anomaly / 中华外科杂志

Objective@#To evaluate the early and long-term outcomes cardiac surgery of patients with Ebstein anomaly.@*Methods@#The clinic data of 237 patients with Ebstein anomaly received surgical procedures from March 2004 to December 2017 at Department of Cardiac Surgery, First Hospital of Tsinghua University was analyzed retrospectively. There were 105 male and 132 female patients with age of (19.4±16.7) years (ranging from 3 months to 64 years). The surgical procedures include anatomical repair in 188 patients, one and a half ventricle repair in 37 patients, tricuspid valve repair in 4 patients, tricuspid valve replacement in 10 patients, and Fontan procedure in 3 patients (total cavopulmonary connection in 2 patients; Glenn procedure in 1 patient).@*Results@#The early mortality was 2.1% (n=5). One case of atrioventricular (0.4%) newly occurred. There were 228 patients available to follow-up. The range of follow-up duration was 3 to 168 months. Late survival was 99.1% (2 cases of late death) at 10 years. Three patients received reoperation (1.3%), including tricuspid valve repair of 1 patient and one and a half ventricle repair of 2 patients). Indication of tricuspid valve regurgitation improved from 3.6±0.3 to 1.5±0.4. Survival rate at 5 and 10 years was 98.6% and 98.2%, respectively.@*Conclusions@#The principle of the techniques is to reconstruct the tricuspid valve and right ventricle anatomically. For most cases, the anatomical repair was demonstrated with low mortality, less complications and excellent durability at long-term follow-up. If the tricuspid valve is severely hypoplastic, one and a half ventricle repair and valve replacement may be alternatie.

Effect of Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy on Dysphagia after Stroke / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Objective To observe the effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) on dysphagia after stroke. Methods From October, 2017 to March, 2018, 60 stroke patients with dysphagia were randomly divided into control group (n = 30) and experimental group (n = 30). Both groups received routine swallowing training, while the experimental group received MBCT in addition, for eight weeks. They were investigated the compliance, and assessed with Kubota Drinking Water Test (KDWT) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) before and after intervention. Results The compliance improved in the experimental group after intervention (χ2 = 19.000, P < 0.001), and it was better in the experimental group than in the control group (χ2 = 8.044, P < 0.05). While the scores of KDWT improved in both groups (Z > 1.970, P < 0.05), and improved more in the experimental group than in the control group (Z = -2.093, P < 0.05); the scores of HADS improved in both groups (t > 9.510, P < 0.001), the total scores and the subscale scores of anxiety and depression improved more in the experimental group than in the control group (t > 2.133, P < 0.05). Conclusion MBCT could increase the compliance in swallowing training for stroke patients with dysphagia to improve their swallowing function, anxiety and depression .