RESUMO
The aims of this study were to evaluate zinc, copper, and iron concentrations in the transitory milk of Korean lactating mothers and to investigate the relationship between these concentrations and maternal diet. Human milk samples were collected between 5 and 15 days postpartum from 96 healthy, lactating mothers in postpartum care centers in Seoul, Korea. Dietary intake during lactation was determined based on a 3-day dietary record. The mean zinc, copper, and iron concentrations in the human milk samples collected were 3.88 +/- 1.74 mg/L, 0.69 +/- 0.25 mg/L, and 5.85 +/- 8.53 mg/L, respectively. The mothers who consumed alcoholic beverages during pregnancy had tended to have lower concentrations of zinc and copper, as well as significantly lower concentrations of iron, in their milk (p < 0.047). In contrast, the mothers who took daily supplements had much higher iron concentrations in their milk (p = 0.002). Dietary intakes of zinc, copper, and iron during lactation did not affect the concentrations of zinc, copper, and iron in the milk samples analyzed. Intakes of vitamin C, selenium, and iodine were associated with the concentration of copper in the milk samples analyzed, and consumption of food categorized as 'meat and meat products' was positively associated with the concentration of zinc. Consumption of rice was the top contributor to the concentrations of all three minerals. In conclusion, associations between maternal diet and nutrient concentrations in transitory human milk can provide useful information, particularly in regard to infant growth.
Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Gravidez , Bebidas Alcoólicas , Ácido Ascórbico , Cobre , Registros de Dieta , Dieta , Iodo , Ferro , Coreia (Geográfico) , Lactação , Carne , Leite , Leite Humano , Minerais , Mães , Cuidado Pós-Natal , Período Pós-Parto , Selênio , Seul , ZincoRESUMO
PURPOSE: This study was conducted to examine the concentration of nutrients in transitional breast milk from Korean lactating mothers and to evaluate daily intakes of their infants based on the Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans 2010 (KDRIs 2010). METHODS: Breast milk samples were collected at 5~15 days postpartum from 100 healthy lactating Korean mothers. Macro- and micro-nutrients, and immunoglobulin (Igs) concentrations in breast milk were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean energy, protein, fat, and carbohydrate concentrations in breast milk were 59.99 +/- 8.01 kcal/dL, 1.47 +/- 0.27 g/dL, 2.88 +/- 0.89 g/dL, and 6.72 +/- 0.22 g/dL. The mean linoleic acid (LA), a-linolenic acid (ALA), arachidonic acid (AA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) concentrations were 181.44 +/- 96.41 mg/dL, 28.15 +/- 8.89 mg/dL, 5.67 +/- 1.86 mg/dL, and 5.74 +/- 2.57 mg/dL. The mean vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B12, and folate concentrations were 2.75 +/- 1.75 microg/dL, 2.31 +/- 1.12 ng/dL, 0.74 +/- 1.54 mg/dL, 3.02 +/- 1.84 mg/dL, 7.51 +/- 20.96 microg/dL, 61.78 +/- 26.78 microg/dL, 63.71 +/- 27.19 ng/dL, and 0.52 +/- 0.26 microg/dL. The mean concentrations of calcium, iron, potassium, sodium, zinc, and copper were 20.71 +/- 3.34 mg/dL, 0.59 +/- 0.86 mg/dL, 66.71 +/- 10.35 mg/dL, 27.72 +/- 10.16 mg/dL, 0.44 +/- 0.41 mg/ dL, and 70.48 +/- 30.41 microg/dL. The mean IgA and total IgE concentrations were 61.85 +/- 31.97 mg/dL and 235.00 +/- 93.00 IU/dL. The estimated daily intakes of infants for protein, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B2, vitamin B12, iron, potassium, sodium, zinc, and copper were sufficient compared to KDRIs 2010 adjusted by transitory milk intakes. The estimated infants' intakes of energy, fat, carbohydrate, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin B1, folate, and calcium did not meet KDRIs 2010 adjusted by transitory milk intakes. CONCLUSION: In general most estimated nutrient intakes of Korean breast-fed infants in transitory breast milk were sufficient, however some nutrient intakes were not sufficient based on KDRIs 2010. These results warrant conduct of future studies for investigation of important dietary factors associated with nutrients in breast milk to improve the quality of breast milk, which may contribute to understanding nutrition in early life and promoting growth and development of breast-fed infants.