The lumbar vertebrae in Thais.

Four hundred and sixty five lumbar vertebrae of Thais, 245 males and 220 females, were studied for the vertebral foramen, body and inferior Vertebral notches. The antero posterior (A – P) diameter of vertebral foramen and body, the transverse diameter and thickness of the body, the which and depth of inferior vertebral notches were measured. The average values of the vertebral foramen, body and inferior vertebral notches were noted in males and females. The changes of size of the vertebral foramen, body and inferior vertebral notches of the 1st to 5th lumbar vertebrae were noted and a graph was plotted. The graph showed that the A –P diameter of the vertebral foramen decreased from the 1st to the 3rd lumbar vertebral and then increased in diameter in the 4th and 5th lumbar vertebrae; this diameter in males was larger than of the females. The A –P diameter, transverse diameter and thickness of the vertebrae body increased from the 1st to 5th lumbar vertebrae and these values in males were larger than those of the females. The width and depth of the inferior vertebral notches varied. The notches of the 1st lumbar vertebrae in females were wider and deeper than those of the males. In the 2nd lumbar vertebrae, the width of the notches in males and females were similar but the depth in males was deeper than that of the females. In the 3rd lumbar vertebrae, the notches were wider in males but deeper in females. The notches of the 4th lumbar vertebrae in males were wider and deeper than of the females but in the 5th lumbar vertebrae, the width and depth of the notches in females were larger than those of the males.

Recovery in rates upon refeeding after retardation of growth by dietary deficiency of protein.

This is a study of growth rate of rats compared between 45 refeeding protein-deficient rats, 54 protein-deficient rats and 51 normal control rats. The growth rate and body weight gain of the protein-deficient rats were less than those of the control and the refeeding protein-deficient rats. (p < 0.05) The refeeding protein-deficient rats grew rapidly until they had the same growth rate as the controls (graph 1) but the body weight gain was les than that of the controls. (p < 0.05) The anal-nose length of the normal controls was equal to that of the refeeding protein-deficient rats (p > 0.05) but longer than that of the protein-deficient rats (p > 0.05) but more that that of the protein-deficient rats (p < 0.05) Histological structures of tibia of the refeeding protein-deficient rats and the normal controls were similar but differed from that of the protein-deficient rats.

Patterns of the spheno – ethmoidal and fronto – ethmoidal sutures in the anterior cranial fossa in Thais.

Ninety – six dry, adult Thai skulls, 50 males and 46 females, were studied for patterns of sphenoethmoidal and fronto – ethmoidal sutures. In all of the skulls, the posterior border of the cribriform plates of ethmoid bones articulated with the anterior margin of ethmoidal spine and the posterior border of orbital plate of the frontal bone articulated with the anterior border of the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone. The distribution of the patterns was divided into 5 types according to the shape of the ethmoidal spine and the various forms of suture. In type I (29%), rthmoidal spine was triangular in shape and projected forward in the medium from the jugum sphenoidale to articulate with the back of back of the cribrifrom plate. In type II (25%), the area of the sphenoid was reduced by the right and left retro – ethmoidal processes of the frontal so that ethmoidal spine had a quadrilateral extension joining it to the jugum sphenoidale. In type III (29%), the sphenoidal area was further reduced so that the ethmoidal spine appeared to have developed a constricted neck. In type IV (14%), the ethmoidal spine was triangular in shape but did not take a part of jugum sphenoidale. It articulated along a transverse line directly with the jugum sphenoidale. Finally, in type V (3%), the ethmoidal spine did not articulate with the jugum sphenoidale because of the meeting retro – ethmoidal processes of the frontal bone. The distribution of the various types was not significally different in sex but significally different in race.

The levatores costarum and their nerve supply in Thais.

In a study on their shape, attachments and nerve supply, the levatores costarum muscles were dissected in 43 adult Thai cadavers, 23 males and 20 females. The levators costarum are twelve in number on each side, being triangular in shape. They arise from the tip of the transverse process of a vertebra of a vertebra from the seventh cervical to the eleventh thoracic inclusively. They then fan out as descend to be inserted into the external surface of the rip below, between the angle and the tubercle of the rib. Sixty-two percent from 906 muscles are levatores costarum breves. The rest are levators costarum longi found in various levels the lateral branches of the dorsal rami of the corresponding spinal nerves. The ventral rami of the spinal nerves give no branch to supply these muscles.

The soleal line in Thais.

A study on the soleal line was performed in 273 tibiae, 136 right and 137 left. The soleal line commences at a point 1-2 cm. below the fibular facet in 83.2 percent of the subjects. It ends slightly below the junction of the upper third with the middle third of the tibia in 85.0 percent of the cases. It generally shows mixed characteristics of a liner line, a wide line, a ridge or a groove in 82.4 percent. Right side or left side of either sex has no difference in accordance with this line. It appears as a ridge in male more than in female and shows a line in female more than in male. In males the characteristic of a ridge was found mostly at the lower third. Totally, the ridge character appears mostly in subjects of 40-49 of years of age, and the degree of the ridge is highest in this age range. The characteristic of a groove was found generally in the middle third, in 4.03 percent of the subjects.