Validation of a questionnaire to identify variables that influence the decision-making of setters on different process in Volleyball

Abstract Aim: The present study aimed to construct and validate a questionnaire to identify which information could influence the decision-making process of the setters, according to the functional structure of the volleyball game. Method: The questionnaire had 55 questions, divided into four sections, and was answered by 16 volleyball coaches with an international career (32.8 ± 5.35 years). The analysis of the results consisted of: (1) descriptive analysis; (2) calculation of agreement between observers; (3) Mode calculation for importance scale; (4) Response index for classification of the information described; (5) Median and interquartile range for the evaluation of the questionnaire. Results: The results indicated that, environmental factors are involved in the decision-making process of the setters and that they influenced, in distinct ways, the decision-making of the setters during the Attack and Counterattack Processes in a volleyball match. Conclusion: Thus, according to the coaches' analysis, the instrument was considered reliable and appropriate for the application and use.

Efeito da oclusão temporal na ação de ataque sobre a tomada de decisão defensiva na modalidade de voleibol / Effect of temporal occlusion of the attack action on defensive decision making in volleyball

O presente estudo analisou o efeito da oclusão temporal na cortada do voleibol sobre a tomada de decisão defensiva em atletas com diferentes níveis de experiência. Os participantes foram divididos em três grupos: adulto (GAD; n = 16), infanto/mirim (GIM; n =16) e adulto novato (GNO; n = 16). Imagens da finalização de jogadas de ataque realizadas por quatro atletas foram editadas em cinco diferentes momentos: (OT1) a 399 ms (12 quadros) antes do contato do atacante com a bola; (OT2) a 266 ms (oito quadros) antes; (OT3) a 133 ms (quatro quadros) antes; (OT4) no momento do contato atacante/bola e; (OT5) a 133 ms (quatro quadros) após o contato do atacante com a bola. Ao assistirem os vídeos editados, os participantes deveriam informar o local de aterrissagem da bola seguido da confiança com a qual emitiam suas respostas. Foi mensurada a precisão na predição da trajetória da bola (acerto/erro) e a confiança da resposta (escala Likert 1-5). Quanto à frequência de acertos, o grupo GAD (X = 63,67 ± 10,38%) apresentou maior frequência de acertos que GIM (X = 55,46 ± 10,17%) em OT2 (p = 0,001). A frequência de acertos de GAD (X = 79,29 ± 10,38%) também foi maior que a de GNO (X = 71,87 ± 10,43%) em OT3 (p = 0,012). As condições mostraram-se diferentes entre si (Bonferroni's p < 0,005), com a frequência de acertos aumentando de OT1 (X = 36,06 ± 12,44%) à OT5 (X = 98,17 ± 4,81%). Para confiança, GAD e GIM apresentaram-se mais confiantes que GNO (Bonferroni's p < 0,016) em OT1, OT2, OT3. Novamente, as condições diferiram entre si (Bonferroni's p < 0,005), com os grupos mostrando-se mais confiantes em OT5. Concluiu-se que, independente da experiência, os grupos se mostraram capazes de predizer a localização de aterrissagem da bola. Contudo, grupos com maior experiência mostraram-se superior quanto à sua capacidade antecipatória.

This study examined the effect of temporal occlusion of a volleyball spike on the defensive decision-making of athletes with different levels of experience. The participants were divided in three groups: adult (GAD; n = 16), sub-17 (GIM; n = 16) and novice adult (GNO; n = 16). Images of attacks performed by 4 athletes were edited in five different moments: (OT1) 399 ms (12 frames) before the hitter's contact with the ball, (OT2) 266 ms (eight frames) before contact; (OT3) 133 ms (four frames) before contact; (OT4) at the moment of hitter's contact with the ball and; (OT5) 133 ms (four frames) after the hitter's contact with the ball. After watching the edited videos, participants were asked to predict the landing site of the ball, followed by the confidence with which they issued their responses. The precision in the prediction of the ball's trajectory (correct/incorrect) and the confidence of the response (1-5 Likert scale) were measured. Regarding the correct response frequency, the GAD (X = 63.67 ± 10.38%) group showed a greater frequency of correct responses than GIM (X = 55.46 ± 10.17%) in OT2 (p = 0.001) and the frequency of correct responses of GAD (X = 79.29 ± 10.38%) was also greater than GNO (X = 71.87 ± 10.43%) in OT3 (p = 0.012). The conditions were different from each other, with the frequency of correct responses increasing from OT1 (X = 36.06 ± 12.44%) to OT5 (X = 98.17 ± 4.81%). Regarding confidence, GAD and GIM were more confident than GNO in OT1, OT2 and OT3. Again, the conditions were different from each other, with the groups showing more confidence in OT5. We conclude that, regardless of experience, all groups were able to predict the landing site of the ball. However, groups with more experience were superior in their anticipatory ability.

Efeito da oclusão de informações espaciais na cortada do voleibol sobre a tomada de decisão defensiva em atletas com diferentes níveis de experiência / The effect of spatial information occlusion in volleyball spike on defensive decision-making in athletes with different levels of experience

O presente estudo analisou o efeito da oclusão de informações espaciais na cortada do voleibol sobre a tomada de decisão defensiva em atletas com diferentes níveis de experiência. Os participantes foram divididos em grupo adulto (GAD; n=16), infanto/mirim (GIM; n=16) e adulto novato (GNO; n=16). Foram ocluídas 5 informações espaciais: bola (OE1), braço e mão (OE2), cabeça (OE3), tronco (OE4) e MMII como condição controle (OE5). Foi mensurada a precisão na predição da trajetória da bola e a confiança da resposta. O GAD foi mais preciso que os demais grupos na condição OE2 (P's<0,008), que proporcionou o pior desempenho dos grupos (P's<0,001). O GAD apresentou maior confiança que o GNO em todas as condições (P's<0,003), mas sem diferença em relação ao GIM (Bonferroni P's>0,036). O GIM apenas foi mais confiante que GNO em OE4 (P=0,01). Assim, as informações OE1 e OE2 demonstraram afetar mais o melhor desempenho dos participantes.

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of the occlusion of spatial information in volleyball spike on defensive decision-making in athletes with different levels of experience. Participants were divided into adult (GAD; n=16), juvenile (GIM; n=16) and novice (GNO; n=16) groups. Five types of spatial information were occluded: ball (OE1), arm and hand (OE2), head (OE3), trunk (OE4), and lower limbs as a control condition (OE5). We measured the accuracy in predicting the ball's trajectory prediction and the confidence of the response. GAD was more precise than the other groups in the OE2 condition (P's<0.008), which provided the worst performance of the groups (P's<0.001). GAD showed more confidence than GNO in all conditions (P's<0.003), but with no difference compared to GIM (P's>0,036). GIM was only more confident than GNO in OE4 (P=0.01). Therefore, the OE1 and OE2 proved to have greater effect on the performance of the best participants.