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Objective:To observe the effect of rhGLP-1 (7-36) on Akt/GSK3 signaling pathway in hepatocytes.Methods:Human HL7702 cell line was cultured to the logarithmic growth stage and divided into experimental group and blank control group. The cultures were incubated with 100nM medium containing rhglp-1 (7-36) and without rhglp-1 (7-36) for 90min. The levels of Akt, Glycogen synthase Kinase 3 (GSK3) and Glycogen synthase (GS) in the two groups were detected by Western Blot.Results:Compared with blank control group, the protein expression of p-Akt (Thr308) in experimental group (1.81±0.28) was significantly increased ( P=0.01), but the protein expression of Akt and p-Akt (Ser473) was not significantly changed. The protein expression levels of p-GSK3α (Ser21) (1.27±0.09) and p-GSK3β (Ser9) (1.24±0.09) in the experimental group were significantly increased ( P=0.003, 0.002), while the protein expression levels of GSK3α and GSK3β were not significantly changed. The protein expression level of p-GS (Ser641) (0.70±0.16) was decreased in the experimental group ( P=0.03), but the protein expression level of GS did not change significantly. Conclusion:Glp-1 can inhibit GSK3/GS signaling pathway, activate GS activity and promote glycogen synthesis.
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Objective:To analyze the correlation between saliva glucose and blood glucose level by measuring the concentration of saliva with high-precision ion chromatograph, and further to provide the clinical data for saliva glucose as an auxiliary index of blood glucose monitoring.Methods:A total of 268 subjects with normal glucose metabolism (NGT) and diabetes mellitus (DM) were enrolled and fasting venous blood and saliva samples were collected at the same time. The levels of saliva glucose, blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were measured by ion chromatograph, automatic biochemical analyzer and glycosylated hemoglobin analyzer, respectively. Methods of Kruskal-Wallis H test was used for comparison between groups, and the Spearman correlation was used for correlation analysis. Results:The mean values of blood glucose, saliva glucose and HbA1c in the DM group are all higher than those in the NGT group, and the differences are all statistically significant ( P<0.05). Saliva glucose cut-off points are set at 10, 15, 20 and 25 mg/L, respectively. When the saliva glucose concentration is greater than or equal to the above cut-off points, the saliva glucose level are positively correlated with the blood glucose level ( r=0.321, 0.379, 0.509 and 0.428, respectively, P<0.05) . Conclusion:The level of saliva glucose in DM is significantly higher than that in NGT. When the concentration of saliva glucose is greater than 20 mg/ L, there is a significant positive correlation between saliva glucose and blood glucose, and the max correlation coefficient r is 0.509.
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Objective To compare the therapeutic effect of postprandial and preprandial injection of glulisine.Methods Sixty hospitalized patients with T2DM receiving one dose of glargine and three doses of glulisine were recruited.They were randomly divided into two groups:group A and group B when the glycemic state and insulin dosages had been stable for more than seven days.Two-stage cross design:stage 1:group A (n=30):glulisine was injected before meal;Group B (n=30):glulisine was injected after meal.Blood glucose was monitored for three days.Stage 2:glulisine was injected after meal in group A while before meal in group B without dosages adjustment,and blood glucose was monitored continuously for three days.Then standard deviation of blood sugar (SDBG),blood glucose fluctuation after meal (PPGE),maximum blood glucose fluctuation range (LAGE) during 24 hour and satisfaction values of insulin treatment (SVIT) were compared.Results There was no significant differences between group A and group B in terms of age((50.70±13.29)years vs (55.63±13.05) years,P=0.152),diabetes course((36.23±29.20)months vs (43.63±32.19) months,P=0.355),HbA1c ((10.05％± 1.46％)vs (9.81％±2.08％,P=0.612),daily insulin dose((35.67±8.64)U vs (34.83±8.24) U,P=0.704),SDBG ((2.63±0.58 vs (2.84±0.64)) before operation.There was no significant differences of SDBG(F=0.432,P=0.73),PPGE (F=1.216,P=0.31),LAGE (F=0.431,P=0.73) or SVIT (F=0.685,P=0.56) between glulisine injected before and after meal.Conclusion Postprandial glulisine administration can provide the same effect in lowering glucose,satisfaction values and reducing glucose fluctuation as preprandial injection.
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Objective To observe the efficacy and safety of pigolitazone/metformin fixed-dose combination therapy replacing metformin alone or combined with other anti-diabetes drugs in type 2 diabetes with poor glycemic control.Methods 80 cases were recruited,with an average age of (54.79±13.99)years,diabetes history of (9.76±6.59) and baseline HbA1c (9.06±1.34)％.All participants received pigolitazone/metformin instead of metformin without other treatment changes.Glycemic control (level of fast blood glucose,HbA1c) was evaluated at 12 weeks,as well as lipid profiles,liver and renal function,adverse events and body weight.Results 8 cases were lost to visit,4 cases were withdrawn for edema,only 68 subjects finished the study.Compared to the baseline,after 12-week treatment,FPG decreased for (2.06+0.16) mmol/L,HbA1c decreased for (0.84+0.23)％,both of the differences were statistically significant (P＜0.001,P＜0.001).Body weight increased (0.34+1.13)kg,with no difference compared to the baseline.The lipid profile presented elevated high density lipoprotein cholesterol (P=0.012)and decreased total cholesterol,low density lipoprotein cholesterol,triglyceride,while the latter three items showed no differences (P＞0.05,P＞0.05,P＞0.05).Indexes reflecting liver and renal function,such as ALT,AST,TBIL,DBIL,Urea,UA,Cr showed no differences compared with the baseline.Adverse events analysis showed at the end of the study,no severe hypoglycemia and serious cardiovascular events occurred,6 cases suffered edema,among whom 4 patients exited the study for severe lower limb edema.No extra gastrointestinal symptom happened.Conclusion Pigolitazone/metformin fixed-dose combination exhibits an excellent efficacy and safety for T2DM,with satisfying tolerability and compliance,which is a selection for those patients with poor glycemic control.
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This study aimed at investigating the effects of Chinese herbal compound Qi Kui granules on urine protein and inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy (DN) based on the treatment of regular western medication.A randomized,parallel controlled method was involved in the present trial,and patients diagnosed with type 2 DN were randomly divided into the Chinese herb group and the control group.Regular treatment of angiotensin Ⅱ receptor blocker (ARB) in western medicine was administered in the two groups with the additional treatment of Qi Kui granules for the Chinese herb group.All the patients revisited the doctor every 4 weeks during the observation period within a 12-week course of the observation.Urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR),urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) and inflammatory cytokines in the two groups were determined.As a result,seventy-two patients in aggregate were included in the study,while 32 patients of the control group and 31 patients of the Chinese herb group effectively accomplished the observation.After the 12-week treatments,UACR and UAER were significantly decreased in the two groups (P ＜ 0.01),while the efficacy of the Chinese herb group was better than that of the control group (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with the control group,the levels of serum IL-6,tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α),transforming growth factor f1 (TGF-f1) and urinary monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) / Cr significantly decreased after the 12-week treatment (P ＜ 0.01).It was concluded that the Chinese herbal compound Qi Kui granules successfully mitigated proteinuria in DN patients.The improvement of glomerular inflammation for renoprotection should be the mechanism behind this.