RESUMO
Resumen Introducción. Los proyectos del mapa de haplotipos (HapMap) y de los 1.000 genomas han sido fundamentales para la compresión del componente genético de las enfermedades comunes y los fenotipos normales. Sin embargo, la variabilidad genética colombiana incluida en estos proyectos no es representativa del país. Objetivo. Contribuir al conocimiento de la variabilidad genética de la población colombiana a partir del estudio genómico de una muestra de individuos de Bogotá. Materiales y métodos. Se genotipificaron 2'372.784 marcadores genéticos de 32 individuos nacidos en Bogotá y de padres originarios de la misma ciudad utilizando la plataforma Illumina™. Los niveles de variabilidad genética se determinaron y se compararon con los datos disponibles de otras poblaciones del proyecto de los 1.000 genomas. Resultados. Los individuos analizados presentaron una variabilidad genética semejante a la de poblaciones con las que comparten ancestros. No obstante, a pesar de la poca diferenciación genética detectada en la población de Bogotá y en la de Medellín, el análisis de los componentes principales sugiere una composición genética diferente en las dos poblaciones. Conclusiones. El análisis genómico de la muestra de Bogotá permitió detectar similitudes y diferencias con otras poblaciones americanas. El aumento de tamaño de la muestra bogotana y la inclusión de muestras de otras regiones del país permitirán una mejor compresión de la variabilidad genética en Colombia, lo cual es fundamental para los estudios de salud humana, y la prevención y el tratamiento de enfermedades comunes en el país.
Abstract Introduction: The HapMap and the 1000 Genomes projects have been important for understanding the genetic component of common diseases and normal phenotypes. However, the Colombian genetic variability included in these projects is not fully representative of our country. Objective: To contribute to the knowledge of the Colombian genetic variability through the genomic study of a sample of individuals from Bogotá. Materials and methods: A total of 2,372,784 genetic markers were genotyped in 32 individuals born in Bogotá whose parents are from the same region, using the Illumina™ platform. The genetic variability levels were determined and compared with the data available from other populations of the 1000 Genomes Project. Results: The genetic variability detected in the individuals from Bogotá was similar to those with shared ancestry. However, despite the low levels of genetic differentiation between Bogotá and Medellín, populations the principal component analysis suggested a different genetic composition in them. Conclusions: Our genomic analysis of a Bogotá sample allowed us to detect similarities and differences with other American populations. The increase of the Bogotá sample and the inclusion of samples from other regions of the country will improve our understanding of the genetic variability in Colombia, essential for studies of human health and the prevention and treatment of common diseases in our country.
Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Variação Genética , Haplótipos , Marcadores Genéticos , Projeto Genoma Humano , Cidades/etnologia , Colômbia/etnologia , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , População Negra/genética , Indígena Americano ou Nativo do Alasca/genética , Povo Asiático/genética , População Branca/genéticaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Ventilator-associated pneumonia is the sixth nosocomial infection most frequent in Chile. Considering the high mortality associated in this infection, it is important to know the local agents and their respective resistances and susceptibilities to choose and appropriate management. OBJECTIVE: Describe the resistance and susceptibilities to antibiotics of the most frequent microorganism in ventilator-associated pneumonia in the Intensive Care Unit at Hospital Regional de Talca. METHODS: We studied the resistance and susceptibility to antibiotics to each organism isolated in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia in the Intensive Care Unit at Hospital Regional de Talca since 2013 to 2016, according to the reports of the Cross Infection Unit at this establishment. OUTCOMES: We collected 59 cases and there were 29 cases of them with one microorganism. The highest incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia was in 2014, while the lowest was in 2015. The most frequent agents isolated were A. baumannii (32,2%), S. aureus (30,1%), P. aeruginosa (10,75%) and K. pneumoniae (10,75%). In general, we found that the highest resistence to antibiotic was to Ceftriaxone, while the highest susceptibility to antibiotic were to Vancomicine and Tigecicline.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pneumonia Associada à Ventilação Mecânica/microbiologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Chile , Infecção Hospitalar , Estudos Retrospectivos , Seleção de Pacientes , Farmacorresistência BacterianaRESUMO
Urinary tract infection associated to permanent catheterization is the most frequent infection associated to health care. Antibiotic resistance is an increasing problem, thus it is important to know the local pathogenic agents, their resistance and sensibility profiles to use an optimal treatment. OBJECTIVES: Describe the resistance and sensibility profiles in the most frequent microorganisms in urinary tract infections associated to permanent catheterization at the Internal Medicine Service of Hospital Regional de Talca. METHODS: We studied the antibiotic resistance and sensitivity of each microorganism isolated from urinary samples from patients with the antecedent of permanent urinary catheterization at the Internal Medicine Service of Hospital Regional de Talca since January 2013 to December 2016, according to the records at the Cross Infection Unit of this center. OUTCOMES: We collected 69 cases, there were 14 of them with two agents. The highest incidence of urinary tract infections associated to permanent urinary catheterization was at 2014, while the lowest at 2015. The most frequent agents detected were K. pneumoniae (34%), E. coli (20%), P. aeruginosa (20%) and A. baumannii (5%), holding a similar tendency in each year. We found 23 strains of Enterobacteriaceae producing Extended-spectrum ß- Lactamases. In general we found that Carbapenems and Amikacin had the best sensitivity while Nitrofurantoin and Ciprofloxacin had the highest resistance