Efeitos clínicos da fotobiomodulação como terapia adjuvante não-cirúrgica na periodontite crônica: uma revisão integrativa da literatura / Clinical effects of photobiomodulation as non-surgical adjuvant therapy for chronic periodontitis: an integrative literature review

Introdução: A doença periodontal, de origem infecciosa, constitui diferentes quadros clínicos de caráter multifatorial e inflamatório. A fotobiomodulação é uma técnica não invasiva que tem demonstrado ser capaz de diminuir a inflamação e proporcionar alívio da dor. Estudos também demonstraram que a adoção da fotobiomodulação adjuvante à raspagem e alisamento radicular tem sido capaz de reduzir a carga bacteriana proveniente da periodontite crônica. Objetivos: Analisar os efeitos da fotobiomodulação como terapia adjuvante à raspagem e ao alisamento radicular no tratamento da periodontite crônica publicados nos últimos cinco anos. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, realizada no período de setembro a novembro de 2021, mediante a utilização dos seguintes descritores: "Periodontitis", "Photobiomodulation" e "Therapy, selecionando artigos publicados em inglês durante o período entre 2016 a 2021. Resultados: Foram identificados 47 trabalhos. Destes, foram excluídos 39 estudos que se dispersaram do tema e 2 que se encontravam indisponíveis para o acesso, resultando em 6 artigos que foram consultados integralmente. Foi consenso entre os artigos consultados que a prática da fotobiomodulação tornou-se um potencial agente terapêutico no tratamento da periodontite crônica contribuindo para a redução da contagem de periodontopatógenos e que atua de maneira coadjuvante às raspagens radiculares. Conclusão: A fotobiomodulação mostrou-se uma ferramenta promissora na área odontológica. Entretanto, a grande variedade nos parâmetros de tratamentos e protocolos utilizados na fotobiomodulação impossibilita uma comparação e uma análise mais crítica e rigorosa dos resultados obtidos nos trabalhos analisados.

Introduction: Periodontal disease, which has an infectious origin, constitutes a multifactorial and inflammatory different clinical condition of multifactorial, inflammatory, and infectious origin. Photobiomodulation is a non-invasive technique that has been shown to decrease inflammation and provide pain relief. Studies also have shown that the choosing of photobiomodulation as adjuvant therapy to scaling and root planing has been able to reduce the bacterial load from chronic periodontitis. Objectives: To analyze the effects of photobiomodulation as an adjuvant therapy to scaling and root planing in the treatment of chronic periodontitis in the studies published in the last five years. Methods: This is an integrative literature review, carried out from September to November 2021, using the following descriptors: "Periodontitis", "Photobiomodulation" and "Therapy, from selected articles published in English during the period between 2016 to 2021. Results: From the research and selection of studies to compose this integrative literature review, 47 studies were initially identified based on the descriptors. From those, 39 papers that were outside from the topic and 2 papers that were unavailable for access were excluded from the present review. Then remained, 6 articles that were fully consulted. The practice of photobiomodulation has become a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of chronic periodontitis reducing the count of periodontopathogens and as an adjunct therapy to root scaling. Conclusion: Photobiomodulation therapy has become a promising tool in the dental field, however, the great variety in the treatment parameters and protocols used for photobiomodulation makes impossible to compare and perform a more critical and rigorous analysis of the results collected in the present work.

The influence of splenic tissue on the survival and TCD4 and TCD8 lymphocyte rates in rats subjected to fecal peritonitis induction

Abstract Purpose: Comparing survival rates of rats subjected to spleen procedures after fecal peritonitis induction. Assessing changes in TCD4 and CD8 lymphocyte rates before and after the procedures. Correlating animal survival with CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes. Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats were distributed into 3 groups of ten: spleen manipulation (SM); total splenectomy (TS); subtotal splenectomy with preservation of the inferior pole (IP). Rats were subjected to surgical procedure depending on the group. Seven days after surgery they underwent induction of peritonitis and survival time was recorded. All animals were subjected to two blood collections: before surgery and 70 days after it for TCD4/TCD8 lymphocyte counting. Results: Mean survival time was longer in the IP and SM groups and shorter in the TS group; there was significant difference between them. The comparison of the median number of CD4 did not present changes, whereas the comparison of the median number of CD8 decreased in the SM and IP groups. The correlation between the median number of TCD4 and TCD8 lymphocytes and the animals' survival was not significant. Conclusion: The maintenance of splenic tissue contributed to increase the survival of rats and there was a change in the number of TCD8 lymphocytes.

In vitro cytotoxic activity of five commercial samples of Tribulus terrestris Linn in Espírito Santo (Brazil)

ABSTRACT The objective was to investigate the total saponin and protodioscin concentrations and the cytotoxicity in vitro, of five samples of the plant Tribulus terrestris, commercially available in the metropolitan region of Vitória - Espirito Santo, Brazil, and to compare them with the aqueous extract of the plant. The chromatographic profile and quantification of protodioscin in commercial samples and plant extract were evaluated by LC-MS/MS. The percentage of total saponins were determined by the colorimetric method. Extracts and protodioscin cytotoxicity were analyzed by the MTT assay in three cell lineages: fibroblasts (L929), ovarian cancer (Ovcar3) and murine hepatoma (Hepa1c1c7). All extracts displayed high levels of total saponins (207.2 to 780.3 mg g-1 of dry extract). The chromatographic profile revealed a wide diversity of compounds, and the saponin protodioscin was detected in only two extracts. One extract displayed high cytotoxicity, with IC50 values of 157.0, 38.2 and 7.4 µg mL-1 for the Ovcar3, Hepa1c1c7 and L929 cell lines, respectively. The other extracts displayed cytotoxic effects only at concentrations equal to or greater than 125.0 µg mL-1. Surprisingly, the most cytotoxic extract displayed the highest protodioscin concentration. Therefore, it is suggested that these products be marketed with caution, and followed-up by a certified healthcare professional.