RESUMO
Resumen El consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en Colombia ha aumentado especialmente en universitarios. Los objetivos de esta investigación fueron: identificar cuáles son las drogas que están consumiendo los jóvenes y cuáles son los fundamentos de los programas de prevención. Metodológicamente se realizó una revisión narrativa de publicaciones científicas bajo criterios de estándares internacionales. Los resultados muestran énfasis en el consumo de alcohol y tabaco. La marihuana, como sustancia ilegal, es la más consumida y es considerada como el canal de iniciación para el consumo de otras sustancias. En conclusión, se destacan como factores de riesgo: el ciclo vital y la facilidad de acceso; y como factores protectores: la satisfacción con la carrera y la visión positiva de futuro. Asimismo, las prácticas preventivas deben apuntar hacia tres esferas: reconocimiento de las consecuencias negativas que trae el abuso de drogas, comunicación clara, sistemática y eficiente, y fomento de la toma de decisiones acertadas de los jóvenes.
Abstract The consumption of psychoactive substances in Colombia has increased, both legal and illegal, especially in university students, if we review the national studies on consumption developed by the Colombian Drug Observatory (2016), we can conclude that not only does consumption increase, but the age of onset decreases, which also constitutes greater needs for care in specialized services for substance abuse. Research questions arise: what are the substances consumed by young university students in Colombia? What risk and protective factors are prioritized in university contexts for the prevention of substance abuse? The objectives of this research were: to identify which drugs are being consumed by young people and how the foundations of prevention programs are established. Methodologically, to carry out the present narrative review, a search was carried out in PubMed, Lilacs, Scielo, Dialnet databases. A chain search was also performed and other studies were located using bibliographic reference lists of the studies retrieved in the primary search. This is a narrative review was carried out under criteria of international standards. The critical evaluation of the articles consisted of the complete reading of the study, its evaluation and filling of the data collection instrument. Those studies published in duplicate or found in more than one database were considered only once. Once all the sources were integrated, it was decided to organize the evidence found by cities, consumption substances, risk perception, risk and protection factors. The results show an emphasis on the consumption of alcohol and tobacco. Marijuana as an illegal substance is the most consumed and considered the initiation channel for other substances. After these, relatively significant use of inhalants, cocaine and LSD is shown. It is evident that the consumption of psychoactive substances presents a behavior similar to that reported by epidemiological studies, the prevalence of consumption is higher for legal substances, as well as the age of onset is lower for these. In conclusion, the following stand out as risk factors: the life cycle and ease of access; and as a protective factor: satisfaction with the career and a positive vision of the future. With this panorama, the Ministry of National Education of Colombia (MEN) (2008) proposes as a strategy to reduce academic dropout, the creation of psychological support programs for students that are focused on the identification and monitoring of people at risk of consumption of psychoactive substances. It is necessary to build campaigns within the framework of social advertising in two scenarios: one, communications conceptualized by professionals towards public awareness training; and two, prevention campaigns to focus on areas and foci of influence, sectored and atomized to specific problems, specific substances and target adopting public. Likewise, the preventive practices that must be incorporated must aim at three areas: recognition of the negative consequences of drug abuse; clear, systematic and efficient communication; and to the promotion of sound decision-making by young people.The promotion of mental health in national health systems and professional health organizations need prevention campaigns with the participation of communities. Within the limitations of this study, this article is the product of the narrative review carried out for Colombia, as it is described geographically, only characterization of three of the regions is obtained and with a strong emphasis on studies of the capital city (Bogotá ), the other two regions that are not described are areas with an active presence of illicit crops that generate a permanent relationship of the communities with the substances, and even with indigenous groups with consumption associated with their cultural identity, aspects that are not reflected by not have information on these areas.
RESUMO
Los protozoarios del género Giardia representan algunos de los parásitos humanos más comunes en el mundo y están entre los principales causantes de infecciones gastrointestinales y enfermedades diarreicas en humanos. La detección del parásito se fundamenta generalmente en los métodos por concentración y microscopía convencional, pero estas técnicas presentan limitaciones por su baja sensibilidad e inespecificidad en el diagnóstico. En procura de mejorar los métodos de diagnóstico, las técnicas moleculares se perfilan como una alternativa promisoria. En este estudio se analizaron 88 muestras de heces provenientes de pacientes de una empresa prestadora de servicios de salud (ASSBASALUD) de la ciudad de Manizales (Caldas). Para la detección de Giardia lamblia en heces se compararon tres métodos diferentes por medio del porcentaje de positividad: los métodos convencionales de concentración de la muestra y observación microscópica, análisis por inmunoensayo (ELISA indirecto) y finalmente la amplificación de dos secuencias génicas nucleares por PCR. Se obtuvieron tres muestras positivas por concentración y microscopía convencional, dos por inmunoensayo y 26 por técnicas moleculares. El estudio sugiere que las pruebas diagnósticas rutinarias basadas en microscopía convencional e inmunoensayo, tienen más bajo porcentaje de detección de este parásito y que esta deficiencia puede ser compensada por medio de la implementación de métodos de diagnóstico molecular basados en PCR, como una estrategia complementaria de apoyo en el diagnóstico de este protozoo.
The protozoa of the genus Giardia represent one of the most common human parasites in the world and are among the main causes of gastrointestinal infections and diarrheal diseases in humans. Parasite detection is generally based on concentration and conventional microscopy methods, but these techniques have limitations due to their low sensitivity and specificity in diagnosis. In an attempt to improve the diagnostic methods, molecular techniques are emerging as a promising alternative. In this study 88 stool samples from patients of a company that provides health services (ASSBASALUD) in the city of Manizales (Caldas) were analyzed. In order to detect Giardia lamblia in stool, three different methods were compared using the positivity percent: conventional methods for concentration of the sample and microscopic observation, analysis by immunoassay (indirect ELISA) and finally the amplification of two nuclear gene sequences by PCR. Three positive samples were obtained by concentration and conventional microscopy, two by immunoassay and 26 by molecular techniques. The study suggests that routine diagnostic tests based on conventional microscopy and immunoassay have lower detection rate of this parasite and that this deficiency can be compensated by means of the implementation of molecular diagnostic methods based on PCR, as a complementary strategy to support the diagnosis of this protozoan.