Inpacto de las dificultades de atención en la realización de cuidados con dispositivos personales-gafas-en personas con esquizofrenia / Attention impairment in the accomplishment of cares with personal devices-glasses-in individuals with schizophrenia

Los déficits cognitivos, tales como los trastornos de atención, afectan alrededor del 98 por ciento de las personas con esquizofrenia, aspecto muy importante para determinar el nivel de discapacidad. Constituye muchas veces, un factor de mayor disfunción, que los síntomas reales de la propia esquizofrenia. El factor atención es importante por la relación directa que este tiene con la calidad de vida, con las actividades sociales, funcionales y profesionales del individuo. La recuperación no se alcanza solamente en el control de los síntomas, sino preeminentemente con habilitación cognitiva. Considerando que dichos déficits interfieren directamente en la ejecución de actividades que influyen en la autonomía del individuo, se optó por verificar el impacto del déficit de atención en la realización de actividades de vida diaria (AVD): cuidados con los dispositivos personales - gafas. Las actividades de vida diaria se consideran importantes en todos los ámbitos de atención en Terapia Ocupacional; la recuperación de las AVD contribuyen de manera provechosa y significativa para la calidad de vida. Con el propósito de discutir teórica y prácticamente estos aspectos, fue realizado un estudio bibliográfico y una investigación de campo en donde se usaron dos cuestionarios: “Cuidados con las Gafas “(de la autora, 2009) y “Cuestionario de la Atención” [1], aplicados en dos individuos con esquizofrenia que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Los resultados apuntan que aunque los déficits de atención estén presentes en estos individuos, no interfieren de manera significativa en las AVD y no influyen en la ejecución de los cuidados de los dispositivos personales – gafas. Es mas, el 20 por ciento de las personas de esta encuesta deben usar gafas por prescripción médica, aunque desestiman su uso.

Cognitive deficits, such as attention disorders, affect about 98 percent of individuals with schizophrenia, very important aspect in determining the level of disability. It often represents a major factor of dysfunction than the symptoms of schizophrenia. The ability to pay attention is relevant because of the direct relation with quality of life and social, functional and professional performance of individuals. Recovery is not only achieved by controlling symptoms, but overall with the cognitive recovery. Considering that those deficits directly interfere in the performance of activities that influence in individual’s autonomy, it was opted to verify the impact of attention deficit in activities of daily living (ADL) performance; personal devices care – glasses. Activities of Daily Living are considered important in all the modes of health care in Occupational Therapy. The recovery of ADL contributes in a significant and productive way to the quality of life. With the purpose of discussion theory and practice of these aspects, a bibliographic study was done. Furthermore a field research was carried out in which two questionnaires were used: “Care with glasses” (from the author, 2009) and “Attention questionnaire” [1], these were applied in two individuals with schizophrenia that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Results point that, though attention deficits were present in these individuals, they not interfere significantly in ADL’s, and not influence the performance in personal devices care –glasses. Even more, 20 percent of the people in this survey must use glasses by medical prescription, though they do not use them.

Clinical evaluation of the flotrac/vigileo™ system for continuous cardiac output monitoring in patients undergoing regional anesthesia for elective cesarean section: a pilot study

BACKGROUND: Spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery may cause severe maternal hypotension and a decrease in cardiac output. Compared to assessment of cardiac output via a pulmonary artery catheter, the FloTrac/Vigileo™ system may offer a less invasive technique. The aim of this study was to evaluate cardiac output and other hemodynamic measurements made using the FloTrac/Vigileo™ system in patients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. METHODS: A prospective study enrolling 10 healthy pregnant women was performed. Hemodynamic parameters were continuously obtained at 15 main points: admission to surgery (two baseline measurements), after preload, after spinal anesthesia administration and 4 time points thereafter (4, 6, 8 and 10 min after anesthesia), at skin and uterine incision, newborn and placental delivery, oxytocin administration, end of surgery, and recovery from anesthesia. Hemodynamic therapy was guided by mean arterial pressure, and vasopressors were used as appropriate to maintain baseline values. A repeated measures ANOVA was used for data analysis. RESULTS: There was a significant increase in heart rate and a decrease of stroke volume and stroke volume index up to 10 min after spinal anesthesia (P < 0.01). Importantly, stroke volume variation increased immediately after newborn delivery (P < 0.001) and returned to basal values at the end of surgery. Further hemodynamic parameters showed no significant changes over time. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: No significant hemodynamic effects, except for heart rate and stroke volume changes, were observed in pregnant women managed with preload and vasopressors when undergoing elective cesarean section and spinal anesthesia.

Efeito da adição de clonidina subaracnóidea à solução anestésica de sufentanil e bupivacaína hiperbárica ou hipobárica para analgesia de parto / Efecto de la adición de clonidina subaracnoidea a la solución anestésica de sufentanil y bupivacaína hiperbárica o hipobárica para la analgesia de parto / Effects of the addition of subarachnoid clonidine to the anesthetic solution of sufentanil and hyperbaric or hypobaric bupivacaine for labor analgesia

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Adição de clonidina subaracnóidea (±-agonista) prolonga a ação analgésica da combinação sufentanil e bupivacaína isobárica em analgesia combinada para o trabalho de parto Õ. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a qualidade de analgesia e a prevalência de efeitos colaterais após a adição de clonidina subaracnóidea à solução anestésica em gestantes durante trabalho de parto. MÉTODO: Após aprovação da Comissão de Ética, 22 gestantes em trabalho de parto receberam aleatoriamente no espaço subaracnóideo 2,5 mg de bupivacaína hiperbárica 0,5 por cento (grupo CLON/HIPER; n = 11) ou 2,5 mg de bupivacaína isobárica 0,5 por cento (grupo CLON/ISO; n = 11) em associação ao sufentanil 2,5 µg e à clonidina 30 µg. A dor avaliada pela Escala Analógica Visual, a freqüência cardíaca e a pressão arterial média foram estudadas a cada 5 minutos nos primeiros 15 minutos e, a seguir, a cada 15 minutos até o nascimento. Foi avaliada a prevalência de efeitos colaterais (náusea, vômito, prurido e sedação). O estudo foi encerrado no momento em que foi necessária complementação analgésica peridural (dor > 3 cm) ou ao nascimento. A análise estatística foi realizada pelos testes t de Student, Qui-quadrado, Fisher e ANOVA de duas vias para medidas repetidas, considerando como significativo p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Os grupos CLON/HIPER e CLON/ISO foram semelhantes com relação a dados antropométricos, duração da analgesia (70,9 ± 32,9 vs. 85,4 ± 39,5), freqüência cardíaca, ocorrência de prurido, sedação, náusea e vômitos. No grupo CLON/ISO houve diminuição significativa da pressão arterial média com relação ao grupo CLON/HIPER nos momentos 15, 30 e 45 minutos (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÕES: Nas condições estudadas, a adição de clonidina em baixa dose (30 »g), associada ao sufentanil, determinou maior ocorrência de hipotensão quando administrada com soluções isobáricas de anestésico local. Com relação aos demais efeitos colaterais, as soluções hiperbáricas...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The addition of subarachnoid clonidine (α-agonist) prolongs the analgesia produced by the combination of sufentanil and isobaric bupivacaine in combined labor analgesiaÕ. The objective of this study was to compare the quality of analgesia and the prevalence of side effects after the addition of subarachnoid clonidine to the anesthetic solution in labor analgesia. METHODS: After approval by the Ethics Commission, 22 pregnant women in labor were randomly assigned to the subarachnoid administration of either 2.5 mg of 0.5 percent hyperbaric bupivacaine (CLON/HYPER Group; n = 11) or 2.5 mg of 0.5 percent isobaric bupivacaine (CLON/ISO Group; n = 11) associated with 2.5 µg of sufentanil and 30 µg of clonidine. Pain, evaluated by the Visual Analogue Scale, heart rate, and mean arterial pressure were assessed every 5 minutes during the first 15 minutes, and then every 15 minutes afterwards until delivery. The prevalence of side effects (nausea, vomiting, pruritus, and sedation) was evaluated. The study was terminated whenever the patient needed supplemental epidural analgesia (pain > 3) or upon delivery of the fetus. The Student t test, Chi-square test, Fisher exact test, and two-way ANOVA for repeated measurements were used in the statistical analysis and a p < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Anthropometric data, duration of analgesia (70.9 ± 32.9 vs. 85.4 ± 39.5), heart rate, and the incidence of pruritus, sedation, nausea, and vomiting were similar in both groups. Mean arterial pressure was significantly lower in the CLON/ISO Group than in the CLON/HYPER Group at 15, 30, and 45 minutes (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Under the conditions of the present study, the association of a small dose of clonidine (30 µg) with sufentanil caused a higher incidence of hypotension when the isobaric solution of the local anesthetic was used. For all other side effects, both hyperbaric and isobaric solutions...

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La adición de la clonidina subaracnoidea (±-agonista), prolonga la acción analgésica de la combinación sufentanil y bupivacaína isobárica en analgesia combinada para el trabajo de parto Õ. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la calidad de analgesia y la prevalencia de los efectos colaterales, después de la adición de clonidina subaracnoidea a la solución anestésica en gestantes durante el parto. MÉTODO: Después de la aprobación de la Comisión de Ética, 22 gestantes en trabajo de parto recibieron aleatoriamente en el espacio subaracnoideo 2,5 mg de bupivacaína hiperbárica 0,5 por ciento (grupo CLON/HIPER; n = 11) o 2,5 mg de bupivacaína isobárica 0,5 por ciento (grupo CLON/ISO; n = 11) en asociación con el sufentanil 2,5 µg y la clonidina 30 µg. El dolor evaluado por la Escala Analógica Visual, la frecuencia cardíaca y la presión arterial promedio, fueron estudiados a cada 5 minutos en los primeros 15 minutos y a continuación, a cada 15 minutos hasta el nacimiento. Fue evaluada la prevalencia de efectos colaterales (náusea, vómito, prurito y sedación). El estudio fue terminado en el momento en que se hizo necesaria la complementación analgésica epidural (dolor > 3 cm) o al nacimiento. El análisis estadístico fue realizado a través de los tests t de Student, Chi-cuadrado, Fisher y ANOVA de dos vías para medidas repetidas, considerando como significativo p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Los grupos CLON/HIPER y CLON/ISO fueron similares con relación a los datos antropométricos, duración de la analgesia (70,9 ± 32,9 vs. 85,4 ± 39,5), frecuencia cardíaca, incidencia de prurito, sedación, náusea y vómitos. En el grupo CLON/ISO hubo una disminución significativa de la presión arterial promedio con relación al grupo CLON/HIPER en los momentos 15, 30, y 45 minutos (p < 0,05). CONCLUSIONES: En las condiciones estudiadas, la adición de clonidina en baja dosis (30 »g), asociada al sufentanil, determinó una mayor incidencia de...