Características antropométricas, fisiológicas y funcionales en jugadores profesionales de rugby seven / Anthropometric, physiological and functional characteristics in professional rugby seven players

El desarrollo de cualidades específicas en jugadores de rugby seven optimiza su desempeño. El objetivo de este trabajo es la caracterización de las cualidades antropométricas, fisiológicas y funcionales en jugadores profesionales de ese deporte mediante un estudio transversal en catorce seleccionados nacionales de rugby seven. Se rescataron datos demográficos, tácticos, antropométricos (índice de masa corporal (IMC) y composición corporal), fisiológicos (consumo de oxígeno ­VO2­) y funcionales (Running-based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST) y saltos verticales (Squat Jump (SJ) y Counter Movement Jump ­CMJ­).Se comparó a los atletas según posición de juego (forwards y backs) con prueba de Mann-Whitney y Fisher y se buscaron asociaciones entre variables demográficas y resultados funcionales con regresión lineal simple y ANOVA (significancia: p<0.05).La media de edad fue 23.5 años (22-29), y la del IMC 26.6 kg/m2 (23.4-33.3), mayor en forwards (p=0.005). El porcentaje de masa grasa corporal fue 17.5% (15.7-21.9), sin diferencias por posición.El VO2 fue mayor en backs (p=0.035). La prueba de saltabilidad no tuvo diferencias en potencia relativa (p=0.807), la potencia máxima mostró una tendencia mayor en forwards (p=0.086).Se evidenció que por cada año de edad la velocidad VO2 máxima disminuyó en 0.14 m/s (p=0.05). Por cada punto de IMC, la velocidad VO2 máxima disminuyó en 0.2 m/s (p=0.007), y el VO2 máximo disminuyó en 1.21 ml/kg/min (p=0.001).Consumir tabaco mostró una tendencia a aumentar en 4 w/kg el índice de fatiga (p=0.094), 21.4% eran fumadores.Una mayor edad e IMC se asocian con peor desempeño funcional en atletas de rugby seven. Los forwards presentaron mayor IMC y menor VO2.Tipo de estudio: Estudio transversal. Nivel de evidencia: III

Developing specific abilities in Rugby Seven players optimizes their game performance.Characterize anthropometric, physiological and functional qualities of Rugby Seven professional athletes.Cross-sectional study, fourteen rugby seven athletes of the national team were recruited. Demographic, tactical and anthropometric data (body mass index (BMI) and composition) were obtained. The following outcomes were evaluated: physiological parameters (oxygen consumption ­VO2­) and functional parameters (Running-based Anaerobic Sprint Test, vertical jumps (Single Squat Jump-Counter Movement Jump ­CMJ­).Athletes were grouped according to their game position (forwards and backs) for comparison (Mann-Whitney and Fisher's test).A simple linear regression and ANOVA were used to establish association between demographic variables and functional outcomes (significance: p<0.05; suggestion: p<0.1).Median age was 23.5 years (22-29), and median BMI was 26.6 kg/m2 (23.4-33.3), higher in forwards (p=0.005). KERR fat was 17.5% (15.7-21.9), without difference according to game position.Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max) was 54.8 ml/kg/min (48.2-61), higher in backs (p=0.035). Jumping tests showed no difference in the relative power (p=0.807), muscular peak power showed a tendency to be higher in forwards (p=0.086).For each year of age increased, the VO2 max speed decreased in 0.14 m/s (p=0.05). For each BMI point increased, the VO2 max speed decreased in 0.2 m/s (p=0.007), and the VO2 max decreased in 1.21 ml/kg/min (p=0.001). Smoking showed a tendency to increase the fatigue index in 4 w/kg (p=0.094); 21.4% were smokers.Older age and BMI are associated with poorer functional performance in these athletes. Forwards show higher percentage of BMI and lower VO2. Type of study: Cross-sectional study. Level of evidence: III

Miedo a volar: Componentes y formas de afrontamiento de un grupo de patagones que viven en aislamiento relativo / Fear of flying: Components and forms of coping with a group of Patagonians living in relative isolation

Resumen El presente estudio trata del temor a volar, las expectativas de peligro y las estrategias de afrontamiento que las personas dicen utilizar al momento de volar en avión. Un total de 287 participantes, habitantes de una zona aislada geográficamente, que utilizan habitualmente el avión, fueron medidos en las variables ya señaladas. El muestreo fue no probabilístico accidental y el diseño utilizado fue no experimental transversal correlacional. Los principales resultados indican que las personas dicen temer principalmente a situaciones que provocan en ellos la pérdida del control emocional aunque sus estrategias de afrontamiento más comunes suelen estar orientadas a la resolución de problemas. Estas estrategias, orientadas a recuperar simbólicamente el control psicológico, no apuntan al afrontamiento de las emociones. También se describen algunas diferencias en el uso de estas estrategias según género. Se discuten estos resultados en términos de su sincronía con los estudios previos y sus potenciales implicancias para los actuales programas terapéuticos de intervención de dicho problema.

Abstract This study is about the fear of flight, the danger expectations and the coping strategies that people say to use when flying on an airplane. A total of 287 participants, people from a graphically isolated zone that usually use planes, were measured according to the already mentioned variables. The sampling was not accidental probabilistic and the designed used was not experimental transversal correlational. The principal results indicate that people say to be afraid principally of situations that cause in them the loss of the emotional control, although, their most common coping strategies use to be oriented to affront anxiety. This strategy, aimed to regain the psychological control symbolically, does not point to the emotions coping. Also, some differences in the use of these strategies according to gender are described. These results are discussed regarding its timing with previous studies and their potential implications for current therapeutic intervention programs for this problem.

Gradiente de saturação de oxigênio e concentração de lactato entre átrio direito e artéria pulmonar no pós-operatório imediato de cirurgia cardíaca com circulação extracorpórea / Oxygen saturation and lactate concentration gradient from the right atrium to the pulmonary artery in the immediate postoperative following cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation

RESUMO Objetivo: Caracterizar as modificações na concentração sanguínea do lactato e da saturação de oxigênio em pacientes no pós-operatório imediato de cirurgia cardíaca com circulação extracorpórea. Métodos: Foram coletadas amostras de sangue de 35 pacientes, de forma rápida e aleatória, do acesso arterial e das portas proximal e distal de um cateter pulmonar. Resultados: Não foram verificadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre saturação de oxigênio no átrio direito (72% ± 0,11%) e na artéria pulmonar (71% ± 0,08%). A concentração sanguínea de lactato no átrio direito foi de 1,7mmol/L ± 0,5mmol/L, enquanto na artéria pulmonar esta concentração foi de 1,6mmol/L ± 0,5mmol/L (p < 0,0005). Conclusão: A diferença entre as concentrações sanguíneas de lactato no átrio direito e na artéria pulmonar pode ser consequência da baixa concentração de lactato no sangue do seio coronário, já que o lactato é um importante substrato para o miocárdio durante este período. A ausência de diferenças entre saturação sanguínea de oxigênio no átrio direito e na artéria pulmonar sugere extração de oxigênio mais baixa pelo miocárdio, em razão do menor consumo de oxigênio.

ABSTRACT Objective: This prospective study aimed to characterize the changes in blood lactate concentration and blood oxygen saturation in patients during the immediate postoperative period of cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 35 patients in a rapid and random order from the arterial line and from the proximal and distal port of a pulmonary artery catheter. Results: The results showed no statistically significant differences between the blood oxygen saturation in the right atrium (72% ± 0.11%) and the blood oxygen saturation in the pulmonary artery (71% ± 0.08%). The blood lactate concentration in the right atrium was 1.7mmol/L ± 0.5mmol/L, and the blood lactate concentration in the pulmonary artery was 1.6mmol/L ± 0.5mmol/L (p < 0.0005). Conclusion: The difference between the blood lactate concentration in the right atrium and the blood lactate concentration in the pulmonary artery might be a consequence of the low blood lactate concentration in the blood from the coronary sinus, as it constitutes an important substrate for the myocardium during this period. The lack of differences between the blood oxygen saturation in the right atrium and the percentage of blood oxygen saturation in the pulmonary artery suggests a lower oxygen extraction by the myocardium given a lower oxygen consumption.

Actividad de las fluoroquinolonas en aislamientos clínicos de Streptococcus pneumoniae con diferente susceptibilidad a la penicilina: Estudio epidemiológico en cinco ciudades de la República Mexicana / Flouroquinolone activity in clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae with different susceptibility to penicilline: An epidemiological study in five cities of Mexico

Objetivo: Determinar el grado de sensibilidad a cinco fluoroquinolonas, y la resistencia cruzada, en aislados clínicos de neumococo con diferente susceptibilidad a la penicilina Diseño: Estudio transversal Lugar: Los aislamientos de Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp) se obtuvieron en cinco centros de atención médica y en un laboratorio de referencia de cinco ciudades de la República Mexicana, durante febrero de 1999 a mayo del 2000. Material: 231 aislamientos de Sp obtenidos de muestras de secreción de la vía aérea o sangre, de 231 pacientes con infección respiratoria aguda o bacteriemia adquiridas en la comunidad. Mediciones: Se midió la susceptibilidad in vitro a penicilina (PEN), ciprofloxacina (CIP), levofloxacina (LEV), gatifloxacina (GAT), moxifloxacina (MOX) y gemifloxacina (GEM) mediante la determinación de la concentración mínima inhibitoria (CMI) con la prueba E. Resultados: 42% de los aislamientos mostraron susceptibilidad disminuida a la PEN. La mínima concentración del antibiótico que logró inhibir al 90% de los aislamientos fue de 3 µg/ml (para la CIP), 1 Hg/ml (para la LEV), 0.25ng/ml (para la GAT), 0.125 µg/ml (para la MOX) y 0.032 µg/ml (para la GEM). La mediana de la CMI para la LEV (GAT, MOX y GEM) se incrementó proporcionalmente a la disminución de la sensibilidad del neumococo a la CIP. La susceptibilidad a la CIP fue semejante entre los aislamientos sensibles y resistentes a la PEN. Conclusión: las fluoroquinolonas de tercera y cuarta generación mostraron tener buena actividad inhibitoria del neumococo, incluyendo a las cepas resistentes a la PEN, siendo mayor que la de CIP. Se documentó resistencia cruzada entre las fluoroquinolonas.

Objective: Determine the susceptibility to five fluoroquinolones and cross resistance of pneumococcus clinical isolates with different penicillin susceptibilities gathered in a community based study . Design: Cross sectional survey. Materials: Two hundred and thirty one (231) isolates were obtained from respiratory secretions or blood specimensfrom 231 patients with acquired acute respiratory infection or bacteremia. Outcome measures: In vitro susceptibility to penicillin (PEN), ciprofloxacin (CIP), levofloxacin (LEV), gatifloxacin (GAT), moxifloxacin (MOX) and gemifloxacin (GEM) was determined with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) using the E test. Results: 42% of the isolates showed decreased susceptibility to PEN. The lowest antibiotic concentration that inhibited 90% of the isolates was 3 Hg/ml (for CIP), 1 µg/ml (forLEV), 0.25 µg/ml (for GAT), 0.125 µg/ml (for MOX) and 0.032 µg/ml (for GEM). Median MIC for LEV, GAT, MOX and GEM increased with decreasing susceptibility to CIP. Susceptibility to CIP was similar between penicillin susceptible and penicillin resistant pneumococci. Conclusion: Third and fourth generation fluoroquinolones showed very high inhibitory activity, higher than that for CIP, for both penicillin susceptible and penicillin resistant pneumococci. We noted cross resistance among fluoroquinolones.