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Rev. chil. anest ; 50(5): 731-739, 2021. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-1533048

RESUMO

Diabetes is the most common endocrinopathy, in 2014, 8.6% of the population suffered from diabetes, and it was responsible for at least 3.7 million deaths per year. It is estimated that by that by 2050 more than 30% of the population will have this disease. In cardiovascular surgery, it is described that 5.2% of patients are undiagnosed diabetics and this rises to 10% -28% in non-cardiac surgeries. The adverse results are markedly high in those patients with poor glycemic control including an increase of more than 50% in mortality, as well as an increase in respiratory infections, surgical site infection, urinary infection, heart attack and acute kidney injury among others. During the preoperative period of patients with diabetes, it is important to review glycemic control and its current treatment, in addition to providing the patient instructions on how to adjust medications. Intraoperatively, any condition that leads to an uncontrolled increase in surgical stress must be controlled, since this in turn generates hyperglycemia. Knowledge of insulins, their pharmacology and schedules is essential to maintain blood glucose intraoperatively in normal ranges. Different practical algorithms are proposed for the correct and safe management of hyperglycemia in the perioperative period. All care should be continued in the postoperative period defining the continuity of the insulin therapies established and the postoperative care of the patient.


La diabetes es la endocrinopatía más común, en 2014, el 8,6% de la población padecía diabetes siendo responsable de 3,7 millones de muertes por año. Se estima que para el 2050 más del 30% de la población tendrá diabetes. En cirugía cardiovascular el 5,2% de los pacientes son diabéticos no diagnosticados, cifra que aumenta hasta 10%-28% en cirugías no cardíacas. Los resultados adversos son marcadamente elevados en aquellos pacientes con mal control incluyendo un aumento del 50% en la mortalidad, así mismo, incremento de infecciones respiratorias, infección del sitio quirúrgico, infección urinaria, infarto agudo de miocardio y lesión renal aguda, entre otros. Durante el preoperatorio de pacientes con diabetes, es importante revisar el control glucémico y su tratamiento, además de proporcionar al paciente instrucciones por escrito sobre cómo ajustarlo. En el intraoperatorio se debe controlar cualquier condición que lleve a un aumento del estrés quirúrgico pues este a su vez genera hiperglucemia. Es fundamental el conocimiento de las insulinas, su farmacología y esquemas para mantener glucemias en el intraoperatorio en rangos normales. Se proponen diferentes algoritmos prácticos para el correcto y seguro manejo de la hiperglucemia en el perioperatorio. La atención debe continuarse en el posoperatorio definiendo continuidad de terapias insulínicas instauradas y el adecuado cuidado del paciente.


Assuntos
Humanos , Cuidados Pré-Operatórios , Complicações do Diabetes/prevenção & controle , Controle Glicêmico , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/prevenção & controle , Programas de Rastreamento , Diabetes Mellitus/diagnóstico , Hiperglicemia/prevenção & controle , Hipoglicemia/prevenção & controle , Hipoglicemiantes/administração & dosagem , Insulina/administração & dosagem , Complicações Intraoperatórias/prevenção & controle
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