nzimas y glicoproteínas presentes en extractos de vermes adultos de Fasciola hepatica / Enzymes and glycoproteins present in extracts of adult Fasciola hepatica worms

Fasciola hepatica es un trematodo que causa lesiones en el hígado y vías biliares afectando a herbívoros y al hombre, constituyendo un problema de salud pública en zonas agrícolas a nivel mundial. El parásito posee glicoproteínas y enzimas que facilitan su penetración y migración en los tejidos hospederos. El objetivo fue evaluar estos componentes en extractos [fracción soluble (FS) y fracción particulada (FP)] de vermes adultos de F. hepatica. Las fracciones fueron analizadas para proteínas, carbohidratos, actividades enzimáticas, y por electroforesis (SDS-PAGE-15%) en condiciones no reductoras (NR) y reductoras (R). En FS, la concentración de carbohidratos fue 5,63 μmol/mL; se detectó la presencia de fosfohidrolasas, glicosidasas y peptidasas, sobresaliendo la actividad Fosfatasa Acida (1,19 μmol/h/mg, pH 5,0). En FP, la concentración de carbohidratos fue más elevada (7,89 μmol/mL); se observaron valores elevados de Fosfatasa Alcalina (5,79 μmol/h/mg), Fosfatasa Acida (1,67 μmol/h/mg) y moderados de Fosfodiesterasa (0,280 μmol/h/mg pH 9,6). Se detectó actividad Acetilcolinesterasa mayor en FS que en FP (3,95 A/h vs. 1,68 A/h). En SDS-PAGE ambos extractos mostraron polipéptidos de ~80 a 10-kDa; el pre-tratamiento de las muestras con sodio-metaperiodato redujo el número de bandas en cada extracto, sugiriendo la presencia de glicocomponentes. En conclusión, se hallaron enzimas y glicocomponentes en los extractos de F. hepatica estudiados, lo cual constituye un aporte en la búsqueda de posibles blancos inmunológicos y farmacológicos para el control de esta parasitosis.

Fasciola hepatica is a trematode that causes damage to the liver and biliary tract in both herbivores and man, and is thus an important public health concern in agricultural areas worldwide. This parasite contains glycoproteins and enzymes that facilitate its penetration of, and migration through, host tissues. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relative proportions of these components in the soluble fraction (SF) and n-butanol-solubilized extracts of the particulate fraction (PF) of whole homogenates of adult F. hepatica worms. Extracts were analyzed for protein and carbohydrate content, and hydrolytic activity. In addition, 15% SDS-PAGE electrophoresis was performed under non-reducing (NR) and reducing (R) conditions to identify other components. The SF contained 5.63 μmol carbohydrate/mL, as well as phosphohydrolases, glycosidases and peptidases, with a high acid phosphatase activity (1.19 μmol/h/mg, pH 5.0) that seemed to be characteristic of this fraction. The PF contained 7.89 μmol carbohydrate/mL, with high alkaline phosphatase (5.79 μmol/h/mg) and acid phosphatase (1.67 μmol/h/mg), and moderate phosphodiesterase (0.280 μmol/h/mg pH 9.6) values. Acetylcholinesterase activity was higher in the SF than the PF (3.95 A/h vs. 1.68 A/h). SDS-PAGE analysis showed the presence of polypeptides in both the SF and the PF of ~80 to 10-kDa . Pretreatment with sodium-metaperiodate reduced the number of bands in each extract suggesting the presence of glycocomponents. The notable presence of enzymes and glycocomponents in the SF and PF extracts of adult F. hepatica worms is a first step towards the eventual identification of new immunological and pharmacological targets for the control of this disease.

Diversidad enzimática de la fracción soluble de un aislado venezolano de adultos Paragonimus sp / Enzymatic diversity of enzymes in the soluble fraction of adult worms from a Venezuelan isolate of Paragonimus sp

Paragonimus sp. es un trematodo que causa inflamación crónica del pulmón en mamíferos carnívoros y en el hombre, constituyendo un problema de salud pública en países asiáticos y latinoamericanos. Los trematodos poseen enzimas que facilitan la penetración y migración en diferentes hospederos a fin de garantizar su ciclo evolutivo. Con el objetivo de evaluar la diversidad enzimática de la fracción soluble (FSPA, 100.000 g) de un aislado venezolano de adultos de Paragonimus sp. se realizaron determinaciones enzimáticas a diferentes pH, usando curvas de calibración (A 405 nm vs. nmol) para interpolar la absorbancia de grupos p-nitrofenol o p-nitroanilina liberados por la hidrólisis de sustratos sintéticos; se utilizaron también sustratos 2-naftilamídicos y 2-naftólicos para determinar esterasas, peptidasas, fosfomonoesterasas y glicosidasas. Se demostró que fosfohidrolasas, glicosidasas y peptidasas están presentes en la FSPA, destacándose la β-NAG (0,55 μmol/h/mg, pH 5,5) y la cistein proteasa (0,4 μmol/h/mg, pH 5,5) como las actividades más elevadas, señalando la importancia funcional de la actividad glicosídica y peptídica en este parásito, las cuales están probablemente relacionadas con su hábitat y su necesidad de degradación de secreciones pulmonares. Estos resultados representan los primeros estudios enzimáticos registrados en vermes adultos de un aislado venezolano de Paragonimus sp. obtenidos del reservorio Didelphis marsupialis

Paragonimus sp. is a trematode that causes chronic inflammation of the lung in carnivorous mammals and humans, which constitute a public health problem in Asian and Latin American countries. Trematodes have enzymes that facilitate their penetration and migration through different host organs to ensure their life cycle. To evaluate the enzymatic diversity of the soluble fraction (FSPA, 100,000 g) of a Venezuelan isolate of Paragonimus sp. adult worms, several enzyme determinations were conducted at different pH. The activities of enzymes releasing p-nitrophenol or p-nitroanilina from the corresponding dye-related synthetic peptides were assessed by interpolating absorbance (A 405 nm) values in the corresponding calibration curve (A 405 nm vs. nmol); on the other hand, absorbances82 Bol. Mal. Salud Amb.Diversidad enzimatica de Paragonimus sp. en Venezuelaof 2-naphtylamine and 2-naphtols released from another series of synthetic substrates were read at different wavelengths between 450 nm and 620 nm to assess for the activity of the corresponding hydrolases. Phosphohydrolase, glycosidase and peptidase activities were detected in FSPA, β-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (0.55 μmol/h/mg, pH 5.5) and cystein protease (0.4 μmol/h/mg, pH 5.5) being higher than all the other detected activities. These activities are probably related to the adult worm habitat and its need for glycan and peptide degradation of lung secretions. These results represent the first enzymatic study done with a Venezuelan isolate of adult Paragonimus sp. worms collected from the common reservoir Didelphis marsupialis

Quimioterapia de la esquistosomiasis: antiguos y nuevos fármacos / Chemotherapy of the schistosomiasis; antiques and new medicine

La quimioterapia es utilizada actualmente como la principal estrategia de control de la esquistosomiasis. Antimoniales, tioxantonas, derivados imidazólicos, organofosforados, nitrotiazoles y ditioltionas fueron utilizados por años contra esta parasitosis. La mayoría de esta drogas fueron abandonadas por problemas de toxicidad, efectos neurosíquicos e inmunosupresores, entre otros. En la actualidad, el tratamiento se realiza con praziquantel (PZQ), una pirazinoisoquinolina de amplio espectro , eficaz y capaz de reducir la morbilidad, aunque no de prevenir la reinfección. Por otra parte, las drogas anti-maláricas artemisinina y sus derivados, poseen propiedades anti-esquistosoma con buen perfil de seguridad. El artemeter actúa contra los esquistosómulos y es complementario al PZQ, que actúa sobre los vermes adultos. En la presente revisión, se evalúa la quimioterapia anti-bilharziana y se discuten los mecanismos de acción de las diferentes drogas, incluyendo nuevos posibles blancos de intervención farmacológicas, con el propósito de estimular el desarrollo de alternativas quimioterapéuticas

Prevalencia de las parasitosis intestinales y esquistosomosis en comunidades de área centro norte de Venezuela / Prevalence of the intestinal parasite and schistosomiasis in communinities of the center-north area of Venezuela

Con el fin de evaluar las prevalencias de parásitos intestinales y los casos de esquistosomosis, se estudiaron seis comunidades ertenecientes a tres Estados, Aragua, Carabobo y Vargas, del centronorte de Venezuela. Se evaluaron 1603 personas por varios exámenes coprológicos para el diagnóstico de helmintos y protozoarios y 2175 personas para descartar esquistosomosis, en 1532 de los cuales se practicaron exámenes coprológicos y serológicos simultáneamente. Los helmmintos más frecuentes en las comunidades estudiadas fueron: Trichuris trichiura (29,63 por ciento) y Ascaris lumbricoides (12,91 por ciento). Entre los protosuarios destacaron, Entamoeba coli (12,41 por ciento), Blastocystis hominis (12,10 por ciento), Endolimax nana (9,85) y Giardia duodenalis (9,35 por ciento). Se diagnosticaron 251 casos de esquistosomosis, resultando una prevalencia de 11,5 por ciento. El rango de eliminación de huevos de Schistosoma mansoni fue de 24 a 1928 huevos/gramo de heces, siendo el 71 por ciento de las personas con leve intensidad de infección. En dos localidades del Estado Carabobo, Belén y Barrio José Leonardo Chirinos, se encontraron casos con eliminación de huevos en las heces en personas menores de 30 años. Los estudios de prevalencias de parasitosis intestinales y los trabajos de campo basados en coprología y serología para esquistosomosis, deben ser la base del Programa de Control para la vigilancia epidemiológica de estas entidades

Overview of some biomedical research projects in tropical medicine conducted at the Institute Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas

The Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas (IVIC) is a government-funded multidisciplinary academic institution dedicated to research, development and technology in many areas of knowledge. Biomedical projects and publications comprise about 40 percent of the total at IVIC. In this article, we present an overview of some selected research and development projects conducted at IVIC which we believe contain new and important aspects related to malaria, ancylostomiasis, dengue fever, leishmaniasis and tuberculosis. Other projects considered of interest in the general area of tropical medicine are briefly described. This article was prepared as a small contribution to honor and commemorate the centenary of the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz

The last fifteen years of schistomiasis in Venezuela: features and evolution

Control of schistosomiasis in Venezuela has been a topic of major interest and controversy among the metaxenic parasitosis. A small area of transmission of approximately 15,000 Km2 was thought to be eradicated some years ago. However, some epidemiological characteristics of our transmission area have limited the success on the way toward eradication. Since 1945, when the Schistosomiasis Control Program started, the prevalence in the endemic area has decreased from 14 [por cento] in 1943 to 1,4 [por cento] in 1996. Until 1982, the surveillance of active cases was based on massive stool examination. Since then, the Schistosomiasis Research Group (SRG) recommended the additional use of serologic tests in the Control Program and the selective or massive chemotherapy depending on serological and parasitological prevalence of each community. At present, the real prevalence is underestimated due to the fact that approximately 80 [por cento] of the individuals eliminate less than 100 eggs/g of feces. Those persons could be responsible for the maintenance of the foci going on and therefore limiting the impact of the control measures. Efforts of the SRG are being oriented toward improvement of immunodiagnostic tests by using defined antigens (enzymes) and chemically synthesized peptides, derived from relevant molecules of the parasite, either for antibodies or antigens search. On the other hand, introduction of snail competitors has been a biological weapon in the control of the intermediate host in certain areas. However, the recent reinfestation of water courses by Biomphalaria glabrata, the increased prevalence in some areas, together with important administrative changes at the Control Program of the Minister of Health, have arisen new questions and doubts, challenging the eradication strategy proposed during the last decade.

Parasite enzymes as a tool to investigate immune responses

Previous evidences reported by us and by other authors revealed the presence of IgG in sera of Schistosoma mansoni-infected patients to immunodominant antigens which are enzymes. Besides their immunological interest as possible inductors of protection, several of these enzume antigens might be also intersting markers of infection in antibody-detecting immunocapture assays which use the intrinsic catalytic property of these antigens. It was thus thought important to define some enzymatic and immunological characteristics of these molecules to better exploit their use as antigens. Four different enzymes from adult worms were partially characterized in their biochemical properties and susceptibility to react with antibodies of infected patients, namely alkaline phosphatase (AKP, Mg*+, pH 9.5), type I phosphodiesterase (PDE, pH 9.5), cysteine proteinase (CP, dithiothreitol, pH 5.5) and N-acetyl-ß-D-glucosaminidase (NAG, pH 5.5). The AKP and PDE are distinct tegumental membrane-bound enzymes whereas CP and NAG are soluble acid enzymes. Antibodies in infected human sera differed in their capacity to react with and to inhibit these enzyme antigens. Possibly, the specificity of the antibodies related to the extent of homology between the parasite and the host enzyme might be in part responsible for the above differences. The results are also discussed in view of the possible functional importance of these enzymes

New approaches for the control and eradication of schistosomiasis in Venezuela

Schistosomiasis in Americawith the exception of Brazil, behaves as a chronic mild disease with few clinical manifestations due to low parasite burden. These features restrict the clinical and parasitological diagnosis. The most commonly used stool examination method, Kato-Katz, becomes intensitive when the majority of individuals excrete less than 100 eggs/g of feces. In view that antigen-detecting techniques have not been able to reveal light infections, the antibody detecting assays remain as a very valuable diagnostic tool for epidemiological surveillance. The Venezuelan Schistosomiasis Research group (CECOICE) has designed a mass chemotherapy strategy based on sero-diagnosis. Since blood sampling is one of the important limitating factors for large seroepidemiological trials we developed a simple capillary technique that sucessfully overcomed most of the limitations of blood drawing. In this sense, ELISA seems to be the most adecuate test for epidemiological studies. Soluble egg Schistosoma mansoni antigen (SEA) has been largely used in Venezuela. The sensitivity ELISA-SEA in our hands is 90% moreover its specific reach 92% when populations from non-endemic areas but heavily infected with other intestinal parasites are analyzed. The Schistosomiasis Control Program is currently carrying out the surveillance of endemic areas using ELISA-SEA as the first screening method, followed by the Circumoval Precipitin test for validation assay. The results with these two serological techniques allowed us to defined the criteria of chemotherapy in populations of the endemic areas. On the search of better diagnostic technique, Alkaline Phosphatase Immunoenzyme Assay (APIA) is being evaluated in field surveys

Tegumental Ca-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase activity in adult Schistosoma mansoni worms

A atividade ATPse (pH 9.5) estimulada por ions de Ca associados a uma fraçäo enriquecida de membranas do tegumento (fraçäo EMT) de vermes adultos de Schistosoma mansoni, foi inibida pro NAP-taurina ou por concentraçöes crescentes de clorpromacina. Foi encontrada calmodulina enfogena associada principlamente a esta fraçäo. Em vermes adultos fixados com glutaraldeido se detectou histoquimicamente uma atividade ATPase similar (pH 8.6) na face citoplasmática da dupla membrana de superfície e da membrana por 1 µM de clorpromacina e foi também observada na face interna de vesículas de dupla membrana presentes na fraçäo EMT. Näo se pôde detectar atividade ATpase em pH alcalino na presença de ions de Mg ou Na/K. A adiçäo externa de Ca, sem ATP, aos vermes fixados induz ao aparecimento de precipitados nos corpos discóides do tegumento; esta reaçäo foi inibida. Os resultados säo discutidos em relaçäo a uma possível regulaçäo intrategumentária de Ca pelos sistemas descritos e o possível uso de fenotiacinas contra os esquistossomas

Antigenic enzymes of Schistosoma mansoni: possible use for immunodiagnosis

Different enzymes of Schistosoma mansoni are recognized by IgG antibodies present in the sera of infected human patients. The antigenicity of these enzymes suggests their possible use in immunodiagnostic assays that would take advantage of their activities.

El tegumento de Schistosoma mansoni y su importancia en la relación hospedador-parásito / The Kugument of Schistosoma Mansoni and importance of host-parasite relationships

Se hizo una revisión crítica de los diferentes métodos de obtención de la fracción membranosa del tegumento, de la doble membrana o de sus bicapas lipídicas, incluyendo información sobre la localización de la fosfatasa alcalina, fosfodiesterasa y Ca-ATPasa en estas últimas. Las moléculas enzimáticas parecen atravesar las dos bicapas en parte o en todo su espesor exponiendo un sitio antigénico en la superficie del verme y el sitio de actividad enzimática en posición más interna. Los datos experimentales llevan a considerar que a excepción de algunas regiones de la superficie parasitaria, las dos bicapas están muy unidas entre sí y no son naturalmente separables. Se discute la importancia de las propiedades asimétricas de la doble membrana de superficie en la relación hospedador-parásito