Tooth morphology, implantation and replacement system of Hoplias malabaricus (Teleostei, Characiformes, Erythrinidae) / Morfologia, implantação e sistema de substituição dentária do Hoplias malabaricus (Teleostei, Characiformes, Erythrinidae)

The oropharyngeal cavity of Hoplias malabaricus, an ichthyophagous freshwater fish, is anatomically adapted to predation. Macroscopic and microscopic analyses were conducted in order to study the morphology and system of implantation and replacement of teeth. The results showed that this teleost has conical and caniniform teeth, with an orthodentin crown covered by an enameloid cap and a vascularised orthodentin in the root. With regard to the implantation system, there is a junction between the tooth and the bone tissue, as a typical physiological dental ankylosis. The teeth are replaced by a resorption process of multinucleated giant cells that actively eliminate the dentin and bone tissue.

A cavidade orofaríngea do Hoplias malabaricus, um peixe de água doce ictiófago, é anatomicamente adaptado à predação. Análises macroscópica e microscópica foram realizadas com o objetivo de estudar a morfologia e o sistema de implantação e substituição dentária. Os resultados mostraram que este teleósteo apresenta dentes cônicos e caniniformes, com coroa de ortodentina coberta por capuz enamelóide e ortodentina vascularizada na raiz. Em relação ao Sistema de implantação, existe uma junção entre o dente e o tecido ósseo, semelhante a uma anquilose dentária fisiológica típica. Os dentes são substituídos por um processo de reabsorção por células gigantes multinucleadas que ativamente eliminam a dentina e o tecido ósseo.

Reduced pancreatic β-cell mass is associated with decreased FoxO1 and Erk1/2 protein phosphorylation in low-protein malnourished rats

A low-protein diet leads to functional and structural pancreatic islet alterations, including islet hypotrophy. Insulin-signaling pathways are involved in several adaptive responses by pancreatic islets. We determined the levels of some insulin-signaling proteins related to pancreatic islet function and growth in malnourished rats. Adult male Wistar rats (N = 20 per group) were fed a 17 percent protein (normal-protein diet; NP) or 6 percent protein (low-protein diet; LP), for 8 weeks. At the end of this period, blood glucose and serum insulin and albumin levels were measured. The morphometric parameters of the endocrine pancreas and the content of some proteins in islet lysates were determined. The β-cell mass was significantly reduced (≅65 percent) in normoglycemic but hypoinsulinemic LP rats compared to NP rats. Associated with these alterations, a significant 30 percent reduction in insulin receptor substrate-1 and a 70 percent increase in insulin receptor substrate-2 protein content were observed in LP islets compared to NP islets. The phosphorylated serine-threonine protein kinase (pAkt)/Akt protein ratio was similar in LP and NP islets. The phosphorylated forkhead-O1 (pFoxO1)/FoxO1 protein ratio was decreased by 43 percent in LP islets compared to NP islets (P < 0.05). Finally, the ratio of phosphorylated-extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 (pErk1/2) to total Erk1/2 protein levels was decreased by 71 percent in LP islets compared to NP islets (P < 0.05). Therefore, the reduced β-cell mass observed in LP rats is associated with the reduction of phosphorylation in mitogenic-related signals, FoxO1 and Erk proteins. The cause/effect basis of this association remains to be determined.

Mistura de proteínas morfogenéticas ósseas, hidroxiapatita, osso inorgânico e colágeno envolta por membrana de pericárdio no preenchimento de defeito ósseo segmentar em coelhos / Mixture of bone morphogenetic protein, hydroxyapatite, inorganic bone and collagen interposed by pericardium barrier membrane in the filling of the segmental bone defect in rabbits

Avaliou-se o uso de biomaterial de origem bovina na regeneração de defeitos ósseos segmentares empregando-se 12 coelhos, fêmeas, da raça Norfolk, com idade de seis meses e pesos entre 3 e 4,5kg. Realizou-se falha segmentar bilateral de um centímetro de comprimento na diáfise do rádio, com inclusão do periósteo. No membro direito, o defeito foi delimitado por membrana de pericárdio liofilizada, contendo em seu interior mistura de proteínas morfogenéticas ósseas adsorvidas a hidroxiapatita, colágeno liofilizado e osso inorgânico. No membro esquerdo, o defeito não recebeu tratamento. Radiografias foram obtidas ao término do procedimento cirúrgico e aos sete, 30, 60, 90, 120 e 150 dias de pós-operatório. Após eutanásia de seis coelhos aos 60 dias e seis aos 150 dias de pós-cirúrgico, os resultados radiográficos e histológicos mostraram que a regeneração óssea foi inibida nos defeitos segmentares tratados com o biomaterial.

Biomaterials of bovine origin in regenerating segmental bone defects were evaluated. Twelve six-month old Norfolk rabbits, weighting 3 to 4.5kg were used. A 1cm long segmental defect was created in the radial diaphysis, including the periosteum, of both forelimbs. In the right forelimb, the defect was filled using a mixture of bone morphogenic proteins adsorbed to hydroxyapatite, agglutinant of lyophilized collagen in granules and anorganic cortical bone in granules delimited by a pericardial membrane. In the left forelimb, the defect did not receive treatment and served as a control. Radiographies were taken immediately after surgery and at seven, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 days post-operatively. Six rabbits were euthanized at 60 days and the other six at 150 days post-surgery for histological evaluation. Radiographic and histological results revealed that bone regeneration was inhibited in the segmental defects receiving biomaterials.