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ABSTRACT Introduction: Candida albicans is the most common etiologic agent of fungal vaginitis. These yeasts produce secreted aspartyl proteinases encoded by a family of 10 genes (SAP1-10). Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the presence of genes SAP1-7 in vulvovaginal C. albicans. Materials and method: The study included 26 C. albicans vaginal isolates. Detection of aspartyl proteases genes (SAP1-7) was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: The most frequent gene in C. albicans isolated from colonization was SAP6 (93.33%), and from infection, SAP7 (100%). We observed a statistical difference (p = 0.049) in SAP1 gene frequency between isolates from vulvovaginal colonization and infection. Conclusion: High frequency of SAP genes was observed in vulvovaginal C. albicans. The results suggest SAP1 participation in vulvovaginal candidiasis infection.
RESUMO Introdução: Candida albicans é o principal agente etiológico das vaginites fúngicas. Essas leveduras produzem aspartil proteases secretórias que são codificadas por uma família de 10 genes (SAP1-10). Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a presença dos genes SAP1-7 em linhagens vulvovaginais de C. albicans. Materiais e método: O estudo incluiu 26 isolados vaginais de C. albicans. Os genes de aspartil proteases (SAP1-7) foram detectados por reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). Resultados: O gene mais frequente em C. albicans isolado de colonização foi SAP6 (93,33%), e de infecção, SAP7 (100%). Foi observada diferença estatística (p = 0,049) na frequência do gene SAP1 entre isolados oriundos de colonização e infecção vulvovaginal. Conclusão: Constatou-se alta frequência dos genes SAP em linhagens vaginais de C. albicans. Os resultados sugerem uma participação de SAP1 no processo infeccioso da candidíase vulvovaginal.
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Dengue is an arboviral disease that is a serious public health concern, especially due to its increasing incidence in the past decades. This study aimed to characterize the epidemiological incidence of dengue in 20082012 in Southern Mato Grosso, Brazil. This is an epidemiological and descriptive study of dengue in the 19 municipalities of the Rondonópolis Regional Health Office using data obtained from the Information System of Diseases Notification. An analysis of the number of confirmed cases of dengue, according to year, age, and gender was performed. Data was associated with the rainfall of the region as well. There were 13,580 reported dengue cases; 2010 had the highest number of cases, with 7,244 dengue cases. In 2011, the number fell dramatically to only 236 notified cases. With regard to age, the most often affected were young adults (20-39 years of age); no difference was noted regarding gender. As expected, dengue cases were higher during the rainy season. In 2009 and 2010, in Southern Mato Grosso, there was a significant increase in the proportion of dengue cases compared with other years during the period evaluated. However, a rapid decline in the subsequent year was noted, possibly because of the intensification of preventive actions in vector control. Interestingly, 2012 presented an increasing number of dengue cases. This fact highlights the importance of actively combating dengue in order to prevent future epidemics.
Assuntos
Dengue , Epidemiologia , Notificação de DoençasRESUMO
ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Vulvovaginal candidiasis is a prevalent opportunistic mucosal infection, caused predominantly by Candida albicans. Candida species vary in their susceptibility to the antifungal agents, thus, the susceptibility tests have clinical significance in determining the appropriate therapeutic choice. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the distribution of vulvovaginal yeasts and the susceptibility pattern to azoles antifungal isolated in southern Mato Grosso State, Brazil. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Clinical samples from 166 patients were obtained regardless signs and symptoms of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Vaginal swabs were collected, seeded onto plates containing Sabouraud Dextrose agar and incubated at 35ºC, for five days. A pool of colonies that grown on each plate was subcultured in CHROMagar Candida medium. On the basis of a pure culture, the yeasts were identified using traditional phenotypic identification methods. Susceptibility tests for antifungal fluconazole and ketoconazole were performed using the broth microdilution method according to the reference protocol M27A3 of the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). RESULTS: The frequency of Candida spp. in the study population was 30%, of which 28% were in the group of asymptomatic women and 35% among symptomatic. Among the isolated strains were C. albicans (50%), C. glabrata (33%) and C. tropicalis (17%). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for fluconazole ranged from 0.5 μg/ml to 16 μg/ml and for ketoconazole from 0.03 μg/ml to 4 μg/ml. The resistance rates were 1.7% for fluconazole and 3.4% for ketoconazole. CONCLUSION: C. albicans was the predominant species. We observed a high susceptibility of Candida spp. to fluconazole and ketoconazole antifungal.
RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: A candidíase vulvovaginal é uma prevalente infeccção mucosa oportunista, causada predominantemente por Candida albicans. As espéceis de Candida variam de acordo com a suscetibilidade aos agentes antifúngicos, assim os testes de sensibilidade têm importância clínica para uma adequada escolha terapêutica. OBJETIVO: Investigar a distribuição de leveduras vulvovaginais e o padrão de suscetibilidade a antifúngicos azólicos em isolados do sul de Mato Grosso. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Foram obtidas amostras clínicas de 166 pacientes, independentemente de sinais e sintomas para candidíase vulvovaginal. Swabs vaginais foram coletados, semeados em placas contendo ágar Sabouraud e incubados a 35ºC. Uma amostra das colônias que cresceram em cada placa foi subcultivada em meio CHROMagar Candida. Partindo de uma cultura pura, as leveduras foram identificadas por métodos fenotípicos clássicos. Os testes de suscetibilidade aos antifúngicos cetoconazol e fluconazol foram realizados, usando o método de microdiluição de acordo com o protocolo de referência M27A3 do Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). RESULTADOS: A frequência de Candida spp. na população em estudo foi de 30%, sendo 28% no grupo de mulheres assintomáticas e 35% entre as sintomáticas. As espécies isoladas foram C. albicans (50%), C. glabrata (33%) e C. tropicalis (17%). A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) para o fluconazol variou de 0,5 μg/ml a 16 μg/ml e para o cetoconazol, de 0,03 μg/ml a 4 μg/ml. A frequência de resistência ao fluconazol foi de 1,7% e ao cetoconazol, de 3,4%. CONCLUSÃO: C. albicans foi a espécie predominante. Observamos elevada sensibilidade de Candida spp. aos antifúngicos fluconazol e cetoconazol.