RESUMO
Aims: To study the frequency of occurrence of the components of Metabolic Syndrome [MetS] among MetS patients in urban south Indian population, with a view to suggest preventive measures. Study Design: Descriptive hospital based study. Place and Duration of Study: This study was done at a tertiary care teaching institution at Kozhikode, which is an urban area in south India, between September 2007 and February 2008. Methodology: Subjects aged 20 years and above attending the general health check-up clinic (953 people) were screened and people meeting National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III [NCEP ATP III] criterion for MetS (257 people) were enrolled for the study. In addition to history taking and clinical examination, relevant laboratory investigations were done. Pearson chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. A P value of <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of MetS in the screened population was 27%, more in females (28.1%) than in males (26.4%) and was found to increase with increasing age, in both genders. The most frequently occurring component of MetS in this study was increased abdominal girth [AG]. The other components in the decreasing order of frequency were low high density lipoproteins [HDL], elevated fasting blood glucose [FBG], raised blood pressure [BP] and raised triglycerides [TG]. In males the most frequently occurring component of MetS was reduced HDL, whereas in females it was increased abdominal girth. The other components in the decreasing order of frequency in males were raised TG, increased AG, elevated FBG and raised BP, whereas in females it was low HDL, elevated FBG, raised BP and raised TG. Presence of increased abdominal girth (P<.001) and low HDL (P=.030) was significantly more in females, whereas raised TG (P<.001) was more in males. Conclusions: Increased AG, which is the most frequently occurring component of MetS in this study, is an easily measurable parameter and may be taken as a proxy indicator for the prevalence of MetS in the population. Presence of increased AG is an indicator to check for the presence of other components of MetS and to advise necessary lifestyle changes to prevent the occurrence of MetS and to reduce the cardio vascular disease (CVD) burden in the population.
RESUMO
Background: Pro-inflammatory cytokine gene polymorphisms are potential candidates for susceptibility for both type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and chronic periodontitis (CHP). This study explored the association of interleukin‑1 beta (IL‑1 β) +3954, interleukin‑6 (IL‑6) −597/−174 and tumor necrosis factor‑alpha (TNF‑α) −308 single nucleotide polymorphisms in CHP with and without type 2 DM in Malayalam speaking subjects of Dravidian ethnicity. Materials and Methods: This case control study consisted of 51 chronic periodontitis with type 2 diabetes mellitus (CHPDM) and 51 CHP patients as cases and 51 healthy subjects as controls. Polymorphisms were identified by polymerase chain reaction amplification followed by restriction enzyme digestion and gel electrophoresis. Results: IL‑1 β (+3954) TT genotype and T allele were significantly associated with CHPDM group when compared with CHP (P = 0.001), whereas CC genotype and allele C was higher in CHP subjects (P = 0.001). For IL‑6 (−597) frequency of genotype GA/AA (P = 0.04) and allele A (P = 0.01) was lower in CHPDM group, and for TNF‑α −308 the frequency of genotype GA (P = 0.01) and allele A (P = 0.01) was higher in CHP subjects when compared with controls. Conclusions: In Malayalam speaking Dravidian population, IL‑6 (−597) genotype GA/AA and allele A appears to be protective for CHP with type 2 DM. Allele C of IL‑1 β +3954 and allele A of TNF‑α −308 appears to be risk factors for CHP individuals.