Major Congenital Anomalies in Korean Livebirths in 2013–2014: Based on the National Health Insurance Database

Background@#In Korea, there have been no reports comparing the prevalence of major congenital anomalies with other countries and no reports on surgical treatment and longterm mortality. We investigated the prevalence of 67 major congenital anomalies in Korea and compared the prevalence with that of the European network of population-based registries for the epidemiological surveillance of congenital anomalies (EUROCAT). We also investigated the mortality and age at death, the proportion of preterm births, and the surgical rate for the 67 major congenital anomalies. @*Methods@#Korean National Health Insurance claim data were obtained for neonates born in 2013–2014 and admitted within one-year-old. Sixty-seven major congenital anomalies were defined by medical diagnoses classified by International Classification of Diseases-10 codes according to the EUROCAT definition version 2014. Mortality and surgery were defined if any death or surgery claim code was confirmed until 2020. Poisson distribution was used to calculate the 95% confidence interval of the congenital anomaly prevalence. @*Results@#The total prevalence of the 67 major anomalies was 433.5/10,000 livebirths. When compared with the prevalence of each major anomaly in EUROCAT, the prevalence of spina bifida, atrial septal defect (ASD), congenital megacolon, hip dislocation and/or dysplasia and skeletal dysplasia were more than five times higher in Korea. In contrast, the prevalence of aortic atresia/interrupted aortic arch and gastroschisis was less than one-fifth in Korea. The proportion of preterm births was 15.7%; however, more than 40% of infants with anencephaly, annular pancreas and gastroschisis were preterm infants. Additionally, 29.2% of the major anomalies were admitted to the neonatal intensive care units at birth, and 25.6% received surgical operation. The mortality rate was 1.7%, and 78.2% of the deaths occurred within the first year of life. However, in neonates with tricuspid valve atresia and stenosis, duodenal atresia or stenosis, and diaphragmatic hernia, more than half died within their first month of life. ASD and ventricular septal defect were the most common anomalies, and trisomy 18 and hypoplastic left heart syndrome were the most fatal anomalies. All infants with aortic atresia/interrupted aortic arch and conjoined twins received surgery. @*Conclusion@#The proportion of surgeries, preterm births and mortality was high in infants with major congenital anomalies. The establishment of a national registry of congenital anomalies and systematic support by national medical policies are needed for infants with major congenital anomalies in Korea.

Nationwide Long-Term Growth and Developmental Outcomes of Infants for Congenital Anomalies in the Digestive System and Abdominal Wall Defects With Surgery in Korea

Background@#Infants with congenital anomalies of the digestive system and abdominal wall defects requiring surgery are at risk of growth and developmental delays. The aim of this study was to analyze long-term growth and developmental outcomes for infants with congenital anomalies of the digestive system and abdominal wall defects who underwent surgery in Korea. @*Methods@#We extracted data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service database for the years 2013–2019. Major congenital anomalies were defined according to the International Classification of Diseases-10 and surgery insurance claim codes. The χ 2 test and the CochranArmitage trend test were performed for data analysis. @*Results@#A total of 4,574 infants with major congenital anomalies in the digestive system and abodminal wall defects, who had undergone surgey, were reviewed. Anorectal obstruction/ stenosis was the most prevalent anomaly (4.9 per 10,000 live births). The prevalence of congenital anomalies of the digestive system was 15.5 per 10,000 live births, and that of abdominal wall defects was 1.5 per 10,000 live births. Seven percent of infants with congenital anomalies in the digestive system died, of which those with diaphragmatic hernia had the highest mortality rate (18.8%). Among 12,336 examinations at 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 months of age, 16.7% showed a weight below the 10th percentile, 15.8% had a height below the 10th percentile, and 13.2% had a head circumference below the 10th percentile.Abnormal developmental screening results were observed in 23.0% of infants. Infants with esophageal atresia with/without tracheoesophageal fistula most often had poor growth and development. Delayed development and cerebral palsy were observed in 490 (10.7%) and 130 (2.8%) infants respectively. Comparing the results of infants born in 2013 between their 24- and 72-month health examinations, the proportions of infants with poor height and head circumference growth increased by 6.5% and 5.3%, respectively, whereas those with poor weight growth and abnormal developmental results did not markedly change between the two examinations. @*Conclusion@#Infants with congenital anomalies of the digestive system and abdominal wall defects exhibit poor growth and developmental outcomes until 72 months of age. Close monitoring and careful consideration of their growth and development after discharge are required.

Effects of Ponderal Index on Neonatal Mortality and Morbidities in Extremely Premature Infants

Background@#To evaluate how intrauterine stress affects extremely premature infants in terms of intrauterine growth restriction. We hypothesized that extremely premature infants with mildly-low ponderal index (MPI) would have better neonatal outcomes. @*Methods@#We selected 2,721 subjects of 23 to 28 weeks of gestation between 2013 and 2015 from Korean Neonatal Network database. They were divided into 4 groups based on ponderal index (PI) percentile; PI ≤ 3rd as severely-low PI (SPI, n = 82), 3rd 90th as high PI (HPI, n = 270). @*Results@#The mortality in MPI and API groups was comparable (16.3% vs. 16.9%). It was significantly lower than that in the SPI and HPI groups (30.5% and 24.9%, respectively;P = 0.001). The MPI and API groups had better neonatal morbidities compared with the SPI and/or HPI groups, while the MPI group (8.2%) showed a lower incidence of severe intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) than the other groups (SPI, 21.3%; API, 15.0%; HPI, 19.7%, respectively; P = 0.004). The MPI group had a trend of a bottom in neonatal mortality and morbidities in extremely premature infants. @*Conclusion@#The MPI and API groups had lower mortality, massive pulmonary hemorrhage, severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia or death, pulmonary hypertension and neonatal seizure rates than the SPI and/or HPI groups, while the MPI group showed a lower incidence of severe IVH than the other groups. We speculate that the lower incidence of neonatal morbidities and mortality in the MPI group indicating mild intrauterine stress might accelerate fetal maturation resulting in better outcomes in extremely premature infants.

Rapidly Progressive Pericardial Effusion and Cardiac Tamponade in a Term Infant with an Umbilical Venous Catheter: A Case Report

Pericardial effusion (PCE) in neonates has various clinical presentations depending on the amount and speed of fluid accumulation and can cause cardiac tamponade (CT). We report a case of rapidly accumulating PCE and near-fatal CT with an umbilical venous catheter successfully resolved by emergent echo-guided pericardiocentesis in a term infant who had been hospitalized with meconium aspiration syndrome and persistent pulmonary hypertension. This case report suggests that if a patient with an intracardiac umbilical catheter shows sudden cardiopulmonary instability, the possibility of PCE and CT should be considered. Furthermore, if necessary, emergency drainage of the PCE and removal of the umbilical catheter should be immediately performed.

Effects of Lipopolysaccharide on Oligodendrocyte Differentiation at Different Developmental Stages: an In Vitro Study

Background@#Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exerts cytotoxic effects on brain cells, especially on those belonging to the oligodendrocyte lineage, in preterm infants. The susceptibility of oligodendrocyte lineage cells to LPS-induced inflammation is dependent on the developmental stage. This study aimed to investigate the effect of LPS on oligodendrocyte lineage cells at different developmental stages in a microglial cell and oligodendrocyte coculture model. @*Methods@#The primary cultures of oligodendrocytes and microglia cells were prepared from the forebrains of 2-day-old Sprague–Dawley rats. The oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) co-cultured with microglial cells were treated with 0 (control), 0.01, 0.1, and 1 µg/mL LPS at the D3 stage to determine the dose of LPS that impairs oligodendrocyte differentiation. The co-culture was treated with 0.01 µg/mL LPS, which was the lowest dose that did not impair oligodendrocyte differentiation, at the developmental stages D1 (early LPS group), D3 (late LPS group), or D1 and D3 (double LPS group). On day 7 of differentiation, oligodendrocytes were subjected to neural glial antigen 2 (NG2) and myelin basic protein (MBP) immunostaining to examine the number of OPCs and mature oligodendrocytes, respectively. @*Results@#LPS dose-dependently decreased the proportion of mature oligodendrocytes (MBP+ cells) relative to the total number of cells. The number of MBP+ cells in the early LPS group was significantly lower than that in the late LPS group. Compared with those in the control group, the MBP+ cell numbers were significantly lower and the NG2+ cell numbers were significantly higher in the double LPS group, which exhibited impaired oligodendrocyte lineage cell development, on day 7 of differentiation. @*Conclusion@#Repetitive LPS stimulation during development significantly inhibited brain cell development by impairing oligodendrocyte differentiation. In contrast, brain cell development was not affected in the late LPS group. These findings suggest that inflammation at the early developmental stage of oligodendrocytes increases the susceptibility of the preterm brain to inflammation-induced injury.

Developmental Outcome of Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants without Major Brain Injuries Based on Data from the Korean Neonatal Network: A Nationwide Cohort Study

Purpose@#As preterm infants have shown advances in survival rate, many very-lowbirth-weight (VLBW) infants have shown developmental delay even without a major brain injury. Thus, the incidence of and risk factors associated with poor neurodevelopmental outcome should be evaluated. @*Methods@#A multicenter nationwide prospective longitudinal cohort study of VLBW infants born in South Korea between 2013 and 2015 was conducted. Poor neurodevelopmental outcome was diagnosed if the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (BSID)-III composite score was ≤85 (cognition, language, motor). We analyzed the associations of baseline neonatal characteristics, environmental characteristics and neonatal morbidities with poor neurodevelopmental outcome. @*Results@#The study included 285 infants, of whom 34 (11.9%) exhibited cognition delay; 59 (20.7%), showed language delay and 32 (11.2%) showed motor delay. The mean gestational age and birth weight were 29 weeks and 1,130 g, respectively. Moderate and severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (P=0.056) and intraventricular hemorrhage grade I (P=0.079) were marginally associated with cognition delay. Higher paternal educational level (P<0.05) was significantly associated with the language outcome. Birth weight (P<0.05) and head circumference at discharge (P<0.05) were the major predictors of motor delay. @*Conclusion@#The population-based nationwide cohort study shows that approximately 20% of VLBW infants without major brain injury have developmental delay. Several factors that are not directly associated with major brain injury were significantly associated with poor neurodevelopmental outcome.

Developmental Outcome of Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants without Major Brain Injuries Based on Data from the Korean Neonatal Network: A Nationwide Cohort Study

Purpose@#As preterm infants have shown advances in survival rate, many very-lowbirth-weight (VLBW) infants have shown developmental delay even without a major brain injury. Thus, the incidence of and risk factors associated with poor neurodevelopmental outcome should be evaluated. @*Methods@#A multicenter nationwide prospective longitudinal cohort study of VLBW infants born in South Korea between 2013 and 2015 was conducted. Poor neurodevelopmental outcome was diagnosed if the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (BSID)-III composite score was ≤85 (cognition, language, motor). We analyzed the associations of baseline neonatal characteristics, environmental characteristics and neonatal morbidities with poor neurodevelopmental outcome. @*Results@#The study included 285 infants, of whom 34 (11.9%) exhibited cognition delay; 59 (20.7%), showed language delay and 32 (11.2%) showed motor delay. The mean gestational age and birth weight were 29 weeks and 1,130 g, respectively. Moderate and severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (P=0.056) and intraventricular hemorrhage grade I (P=0.079) were marginally associated with cognition delay. Higher paternal educational level (P<0.05) was significantly associated with the language outcome. Birth weight (P<0.05) and head circumference at discharge (P<0.05) were the major predictors of motor delay. @*Conclusion@#The population-based nationwide cohort study shows that approximately 20% of VLBW infants without major brain injury have developmental delay. Several factors that are not directly associated with major brain injury were significantly associated with poor neurodevelopmental outcome.

Respiratory syncytial virus-associated seizures in Korean children, 2011–2016 / 소아과

PURPOSE: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection can cause various neurological complications. This study aimed to investigate the RSV-associated neurologic manifestations that present with seizures. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients aged less than 15 years with laboratory-confirmed RSV infections and seizures between January 2011 and December 2016 in a regional hospital in South Korea. RESULTS: During this period, 1,193 patients with laboratory-confirmed RSV infection were identified. Of these, 35 (35 of 1,193, 2.93%; boys, 19; girls, 16; mean age: 20.8±16.6 months) presented with seizure. Febrile seizure was the most common diagnosis (27 of 35, 77.1%); simple febrile seizures in 13 patients (13 of 27, 48.1%) and complex febrile seizures in 14 (14 of 27, 51.9%). Afebrile seizures without meningitis or encephalopathy were observed in 5 patients (5 of 35, 14.3%), seizures with meningitis in 2 (2 of 35, 5.7%), and seizure with encephalopathy in 1 (1 of 35, 2.9%) patient. Lower respiratory symptoms were not observed in 8 patients. In a patient with encephalopathy, brain diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging revealed transient changes in white matter, suggesting cytotoxic edema as the mechanism underlying encephalopathy. Most patients recovered with general management, and progression to epilepsy was noted in only 1 patient. CONCLUSION: Although febrile seizures are the most common type of seizure associated with RSV infection, the proportion of patients with complex febrile seizures was higher than that of those with general febrile seizures. Transient cytotoxic edema may be a pathogenic mechanism in RSV-related encephalopathy with seizures.

A new mosaic der(18)t(1;18)(q32.1;q21.3) with developmental delay and facial dysmorphism / 소아과

We report the case of a 22-month-old boy with a new mosaic partial unbalanced translocation of 1q and 18q. The patient was referred to our Pediatric Department for developmental delay. He showed mild facial dysmorphism, physical growth retardation, a hearing disability, and had a history of patent ductus arteriosus. White matter abnormality on brain magnetic resonance images was also noted. His initial routine chromosomal analysis revealed a normal 46,XY karyotype. In a microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) analysis, subtle copy number changes in 1q32.1-q44 (copy gain) and 18q21.33-18q23 (copy loss) suggested an unbalanced translocation of t(1;18). Repeated chromosomal analysis revealed a low-level mosaic translocation karyotype of 46,XY,der(18)t(1;18)(q32.1;q21.3)[12]/46,XY[152]. Because his parents had normal karyotypes, his translocation was considered to be de novo. The abnormalities observed in aCGH were confirmed by metaphase fluorescent in situ hybridization. We report this patient as a new karyotype presenting developmental delay, facial dysmorphism, cerebral dysmyelination, and other abnormalities.

Risk Factors for Cause-specific Mortality of Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants in the Korean Neonatal Network

This study attempted to assess the risk factors for mortality of very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU, n=2,386). Using data from the Korean Neonatal Network, we investigated infants with birth weights <1,500 g and gestational ages (GAs) of 22-31 weeks born between January 2013 and June 2014. Cases were defined as death at NICU discharge. Controls were randomly selected from live VLBW infants and frequency matched to case subjects by GA. Relevant variables were compared between the cases (n=236) and controls (n=236) by Cox proportional hazards regression to determine their associations with cause-specific mortality (cardiorespiratory, neurologic, infection, gastrointestinal, and others). In a Cox regression analysis, cardiorespiratory death were associated with a foreign mother (hazard ratio, HR, 4.33; 95% confidence interval, CI, 2.08-9.02), multiple gestation (HR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.07-2.54), small for gestational age (HR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.25-3.41), male gender (HR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.10-2.60), Apgar score < or =3 at 5 min (HR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.18-3.31), and delivery room resuscitation (HR, 2.60; 95% CI, 1.53-4.40). An Apgar score < or =3 at 5 min was also associated with neurological death (HR, 2.95; 95% CI, 1.29-6.73). Death due to neonatal infection was associated with outborn delivery (HR, 5.09; 95% CI, 1.46-17.74). Antenatal steroid and preterm premature rupture of membranes reduced risk of cardiorespiratory death (HR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.27-0.67) and gastrointestinal death (HR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.13-0.70), respectively. In conclusion, foreign mother, multiple gestation, small gestation age, male gender, Apgar score < or =3 at 5 min, and resuscitation in the delivery room are associated with cardiorespiratory mortality of VLBW infants in NICU. An Apgar score < or =3 at 5 min and outborn status are associated with neurological and infection mortality, respectively.

Serial Changes in Serum Eosinophil-associated Mediators between Atopic and Non-atopic Children after Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia

PURPOSE: Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MP) is associated with the exacerbation, timing, and onset of asthma. The goal of this study was to elucidate the impact of MP on eosinophil-related hyper-reactive amplification in atopic children. METHODS: We studied 48 patients with MP (26 atopic, 22 non-atopic), between 3 and 12 years of age. Serial changes in blood eosinophil counts, serum interleukin-5 (IL-5), and serum eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) levels were measured in atopic and non-atopic children with MP upon admission, recovery, and at 2 months post-recovery. Serum IL-5 and ECP levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays; eosinophil counts were measured using an autoanalyzer. RESULTS: Serial changes in serum IL-5, ECP, and total eosinophil counts were significantly higher in atopic patients, relative to non-atopic controls (P< or =0.001). Serum IL-5 and ECP levels were significantly higher in atopic patients at all three time points tested, while eosinophil counts were higher in the clinical recovery and follow-up phases, but not in the acute phase. Furthermore, among atopic patients, serum ECP levels were significantly higher in the recovery and follow-up phases than in the acute phase. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrated significant differences in eosinophil counts, serum IL-5, and serum ECP levels between atopic and non-atopic children with MP at admission, recovery, and 2 months after clinical recovery. These outcomes are suggestive of eosinophil-related hyperreactivity in atopic children, with this status maintained for at least 2 months after MP.

Increased Levels of Interleukine-6, Interleukine-8, Interleukine-10 in Cerebrospinal Fluid in Children with Aseptic Meningitis / 대한소아신경학회지

PURPOSE: Cytokines play important roles on the expression of various neuronal inflammatory disease and insults. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the levels of interleukine (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in children with aseptic meningitis and compare them with those of the patients having other acute neurological symptoms. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of the children who admitted in the pediatric department of Hanyang University Guri Hospital for acute neurological symptoms and had CSF examinations from September 2012 to July 2013. We classified them into six groups as acute encephalopathy, epilepsy, febrile convulsion, headache, infantile fever, and meningitis. We analyzed the clinical and laboratory data from them. RESULTS: A total of 87 CSFs of the patients were available. The levels of CSF IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 were significantly increased in the group with aseptic meningitis group as compared to the other groups (P<0.05). CSF IL-6 (r=0.576, P=0.000), IL-8 (r=0.329, P=0.003), and IL-10 (r=0.523, P=0.000) were all significantly correlated with CSF White bood cell (WBC) count. Among the patients with aseptic meningitis, CSF enterovirus positive patients (CSF entero+) showed significantly increased IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 levels than CSF enterovirus negative patients (CSF entero-) (P<0.05). In addition, the CSF entero+ and the increase of IL-10 were significantly correlated (x2=6.827, P=0.033). CONCLUSION: In patients with aseptic meningitis, the CSF IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 were more expressed than in other neurological disease group. Among them, the enteroviral meningitis may be more related with IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 expression than in other causes of aseptic meningitis.

Risk Factors for Cystic Periventricular Leukomalacia in Very Low Birth Weight Infants

PURPOSE: In the present study, we aimed to determine the risk factors for the development of cystic periventricular leukomalacia (CPVL) in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of 309 infants weighing less than 1,500 g who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit at Hanyang University Medical Center, Seoul from April 2007 to December 2012. Thirty-nine infants died within 28 days of birth. Of the remaining 270 infants, 21 with CPVL established by cranial ultrasonography, and 63 without CPVL, who were matched for gestational age, were enrolled in this study. Univariate and multivariate analyses of maternal, perinatal, and neonatal risk factors for CPVL were performed through retrospective assessment of data collected from the medical records. RESULTS: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC > or =stage II: 42.9% vs. 9.5%, P=0.002), culture-proven sepsis (66.7% vs. 34.9%, P=0.021), hypotension with sepsis (33.3% vs. 6.3%, P=0.004), and severe intraventricular hemorrhage (> or =grade III: 61.9% vs. 22.2%, P=0.002) were associated with the development of CPVL on univariate analysis. Using multivariate logistic regression analysis, two variables were found to be statistically significant independent risk factors: NEC (> or =stage II: adjusted OR, 5.12; 95% CI, 1.219-21.514; P=0.026) and hypotension with sepsis (adjusted OR, 8.23; 95% CI, 1.194-56.713; P=0.032). CONCLUSION: NEC (> or =stage II) and hypotension with sepsis were associated with an increased risk of developing CPVL in VLBW infants.

Blood Urea Nitrogen Concentration and Aggressive Parenteral Amino Acid Administration in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants during the First Week / 대한주산의학회잡지

PURPOSE: Early administration of parenteral amino acids has been shown to limit catabolism and improve growth in extremely low birth weight infants (ELBWI). This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between an earlier aggressive administration of amino acids and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of all ELBWI who were born and admitted to Hanyang University Hospital from March 2007 to December 2009. The high initial dose group received > or =3.0 g/kg/d amino acids, while the lower initial dose group did not received a minimum of > or =3.0 g/kg/d parenteral AA at < or =3 days of age. RESULTS: There were no differences in gestational age, birth weight and sex between the groups. Mean fluid intake and total calories during the first 48 hours of life were similar between two groups. There is no correlation between amino acid intake and BUN level in ELBWI during study period. However, gestational age showed a significant negative correlation with BUN level in ELBWI on day 3 and 7. CONCLUSION: An earlier, more aggressive administration of amino acids was safe and well-tolerated. There is no correlation between amino acid intake and BUN level in ELBWI infants within 7 days of life.

A Case of Incontinentia Pigmenti with Multiple Brain Infarction

Incontinentia pigmenti (IP) is a rare X-linked dominant disease that is typically lethal to males and usually affect female patients. IP is a neurocutaneous disorder, involving the ectodermal tissues such as the skin, eyes, teeth, hair, and central nervous system. The pathogenesis of IP is linked to the gene mutation in the NF-kappa B essential modulator (NEMO) on chromosome Xq28. We experienced one case of newborn with multiple vesiculobullous skin lesions over the entire body after birth. Skin biopsy and histologic studies revealed suspected IP stage I and the genetic analysis of the NEMO confirmed IP diagnosis. A brain MRI showed multiple cerebral infarctions and the infant has shown delayed development in follow-up clinic.

The Effect of Hearing Music on Pain Response during Blood Sampling in Neonates

PURPOSE: We studied this study to see the effect of hearing music on response to pain during needling. We hypothesized that music would reduce pain in newborns. METHODS: Twenty term and near-term newborns were enrolled for the study. They were admitted to neonatal intensive care unit of Hanyang University Guri Hospital from May 1, 2011 to September 30, 2011. We evaluated pain response to needling, such as arterial puncture or heel prick, by using Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS; facial expression, crying, breathing patterns, arms, legs, state of arousal) and duration of crying through video recording. We started video recording when the newborns were stable with 0 score of NIPS, and continued for 3 minutes after needling. Each newborn took video-recordings in 2 separate periods. One was done with hearing music (Music group) and the other without music (Control group). Two observers reviewed the videotapes and gave final scores in agreement. T-test was done for comparisons of pain scale and duration of crying between music and control groups. RESULTS: Mean age and hospital days at test of the subjects were 6+/-5 days of life (1-16 days of life) and 3+/-2 days, respectively. Twenty-one of 40 needlings (52.5%) for blood sample were from radial arterial puncture and 19 (47.5%) from heel prick. The music group had lower NIPS score than the controls (5.6+/-1.1 vs 6.5+/-0.7, P=0.006). Among the NIPS parameters, the music group had lower scores in crying and arm (crying, 1.6+/-0.5 vs 1.9+/-0.3, P=0.028; arm, 0.3+/-0.5 vs 0.7+/-0.5, P=0.01) parameters. The remaining parameters such as facial expression, leg, breathing patterns and state of arousal, and duration of crying were not significantly different in 2 groups. CONCLUSION: c reduced pain response to needling in newborns. Music could be one of modalities to relieve pain during routine medical procedures in newborns.

Neonatal Rotavirus Infection

Rotavirus (RV) is the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis and one of the most common causes of hospital infections in infants and young children worldwide. RV vaccines, administered first at 6 weeks of age, have been developed by 2 pharmaceutical companies in the United States and United Kingdom. They were approved for safety and efficacy in 2006 and were recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) to be included in all national immunization programs in 2009. Since then, the incidence of RV infections has been decreasing. However, RV vaccines are not indicated for newborns, and therefore, the vaccines cannot be used to protect newborns from RV infections. Neonatal RV strains are different from those in other age groups. Although neonatal RV strains primarily cause asymptomatic infections, they can also lead to serious complications such as severe diarrhea, dehydration, metabolic acidosis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and even death. Additionally, they can cause serious outbreaks in newborn nurseries, neonatal intensive care units, and postpartum care facilities. I reviewed the literature, including our own study, on neonatal RV infections to determine the characteristics of neonatal RV infection and its prevention in newborns.

The Significance of the First Campaign of "Prematurity, Hope"

The Korean Society of Neonatology launched the 1st Korean Prematurity Day, so called "Prematurity, Hope" campaign on November 11, 2012, just before the World Prematurity Day of November 17 which was launched in 2011. There were about 330 attendees including about 100 previous premature infants and their families, Minister of Health and Welfare and government officers, Members of National Assembly, Members of Korean Society of Neonatology and other medical societies, reporters and journalists. The campaign was the biggest event of the Korean Society of Neonatology to the public since the establishment of Korean Society of Neonatology in 1993. While Korean birth rate has been dropping these days, preterm birth rate keeps increasing. However, our socioeconomic support for health of premature infants is insufficient. A purpose of the campaign was that top priority to solve low-birthrate has to be the health of premature infant in Korea. The campaign has been accomplished successfully. We hope that it would have a better effect on preterm infants' families, communities, health policy of government and medical environment for preterm infant care. We describe the background, purpose, preparation, progress, outcomes and future plans of the "Prematurity, Hope" Campaign.

Acquired Ileal Atresia in a Preterm Infant

Acquired ileal atresia is a rare but life-threatening complication that can occur after recovery from necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants. We present an unusual case of acquired ileal atresia in the distal ileum injured by ischemia after intestinal perforation in an extremely low-birth-weight infant. A 900 g (25 weeks gestation) premature infant developed a pneumoperitoneum without the radiologic manifestations of necrotizing enterocolitis on day 9 of life. Primary peritoneal drainage without further need for surgery was performed in the neonatal intensive care facility. Gastrointestinal gastrografin studies confirmed normal intestinal continuity and regular stools. Several weeks later, while the patient was receiving all nutrition orally with no medical problems, the patient's condition suddenly deteriorated, along with clinical signs of intestinal obstruction including emesis of bilious contents and stools. Laparotomy (on day 45 of life) revealed ileal atresia with V-shaped gap mesenteric defect.

Acquired Ileal Atresia in a Preterm Infant

Acquired ileal atresia is a rare but life-threatening complication that can occur after recovery from necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants. We present an unusual case of acquired ileal atresia in the distal ileum injured by ischemia after intestinal perforation in an extremely low-birth-weight infant. A 900 g (25 weeks gestation) premature infant developed a pneumoperitoneum without the radiologic manifestations of necrotizing enterocolitis on day 9 of life. Primary peritoneal drainage without further need for surgery was performed in the neonatal intensive care facility. Gastrointestinal gastrografin studies confirmed normal intestinal continuity and regular stools. Several weeks later, while the patient was receiving all nutrition orally with no medical problems, the patient's condition suddenly deteriorated, along with clinical signs of intestinal obstruction including emesis of bilious contents and stools. Laparotomy (on day 45 of life) revealed ileal atresia with V-shaped gap mesenteric defect.