Prevalence and treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Ningbo region / 中华健康管理学杂志

Objective To determine the prevalence and treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) among citizens in Ningbo. Methods A multi-stage stratified random sampling was applied to select 8 neighborhoods and 3 villages out of 7 districts in Ningbo, people who were older than or equal to 40 years were enrolled as subjects. Information on the prevalence rate and treatment conditions of COPD was collected through respiratory symptoms and treatment questionnaire and lung function screening. Results A total of 5865 people were screened, 5674 of them met inclusion criteria and completed questionnaire and lung function test. Among whom, 3044 people were men (53.6%, the average age is 55.7±11.4), 2630 women (46.4%, the average age was 55.3 ± 10.7);473 of them were diagnosed with COPD, the overall prevalence rate was 8.3%, including 354 cases who had never been diagnosed as COPD, accounted for 74.8% of the total cases diagnosed with COPD, mainly in stage ⅠandⅡof the disease. There were statistically significant differences between diagnosed and undiagnosed patients in the overall COPD group and among different gender groups ( stagesⅠandⅡ) and (stagesⅢandⅣ). Among the 473 COPD cases, 119 (diagnostic yield 25.2%) of whom had been diagnosed with bronchitis, only 48 (41.2%of the diagnosed) received drug treatment, only 13 patients were treated regularly with medication. Conclusion The overall prevalence rate of COPD among those over 40 years of age in Ningbo was quite high and mainly had stagesⅠandⅡof the disease. The number of the diagnostic yield and those who received regular treatment are quite low. The current situation of diagnosis and treatment are far from satisfaction, management of COPD should be strengthened to reduce the burden for family and society.

The role of regulatory T cells in immune dysfunction during sepsis / 世界急诊医学杂志（英文）

@#BACKGROUND: Although regulatory T cells (Tregs) are key to the maintenance of immunologic homeostasis and tolerance, little is known about Treg-mediated immunosuppression in the stage of sepsis. This article aimed to review the current literature on the role of Tregs in the pathophysiology of septic response, attempting to investigate the role of Tregs in immune dysfunction during sepsis. DATA SOURCES: A literature search was conducted in January 2014 using the China National Knowledge Infrastructure and PubMed. Articles on the role of Tregs in immune dysfunction during sepsis were identified. RESULTS: The identified articles indicated that Treg levels can be used for the assessment of the course of sepsis. The inhibition of Treg activity can promote the recovery of immune function. CONCLUSION: Since the mechanism of Tregs is complex during the sepsis, more studies are needed.

Significance of low serum vitamin D for infection risk, disease severity and mortality in critically ill patients / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Hospitalized patients often have higher rate of vitamin D deficiency than healthy people. Vitamin D levels below normal are associated with hospital stay, increased incidence of adverse prognosis and increased mortality of a number of diseases. Whether there is a relationship between vitamin D levels and infection or sepsis in the critically ill is still unclear. This study will explore the relationship between vitamin D levels and risk of infection, assessment for disease severity, and predictor of mortality.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>To evaluate the value of vitamin D in intensive care unit (ICU) cases to sepsis, severity and prognosis assessment, high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry were used to measure the concentrations of vitamin D in sera of critically ill patients. The serum samples were drawn within the first 24 hours of ICU admission.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The study included 206 people, 50 healthy controls, 51 ICU control patients and 105 ICU diagnosed with sepsis. Critically ill ICU patients (ICU sepsis and ICU control group) had lower vitamin D concentration than normal people, but septic patients showed no significant reduction of vitamin D concentration when compared with critically ill patients with no positive etiological evidence. For assessment of disease severity, there were very low negative correlations between APACHE II, SAPS II and SOFA scores and vitamin D level. Additionally, patients of different 25-(OH)D levels showed no difference whether in terms of 28-day survival (X(2) = 1.78, P = 0.776) or 90-day survival (X(2) = 4.12, P = 0.389). Multivariate Logistic regression demonstrated that APECHE II and SAPS II scores were independent risk factors to deaths caused by sepsis.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Clinically, serum concentration of vitamin D is not an indicator for diagnosis and assessment in critically ill patients (ClinicalTrial.gov identifier NCT01636232).</p>

Study on transport mechanism of baicalin in Scutellariae radix extracts and effect of Angelica dahurica extracts on transport of baicalin by Caco-2 cell monolayer model / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the transport mechanism of baicalin of Scutellariae Radix extracts and the effect of Angelica dahurica extracts on the intestinal absorption of baicalin by using Caco-2 cell monolayer model, in order to analyze the effect mechanism of Angelica dahurica extracts on the intestinal absorption of baicalin.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The Caco-2 cell monolayer model was established with human colonic adenocarcinoma cells, and used to study the effect of pH, time, drug concentration and temperature on the transport of baicalin in Scutellariae Radix extracts, the effect of P-gp and MRP protein-dedicated inhibitors on the bidirectional transport of baicalin in Caco-2 cell model, and the effect of angelica root extracts on baicalin absorption and transport.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Baicalin was absorbed well at 37 degrees C and under pH 7.4 condition and concentration dependent. Its proteins became inactive at 4 degrees C, with a low transport. The bi-drectional transfer PDR was 0. 54. After P-gp inhibitor verapamil and MRP inhibitor probenecid were added, the value of PappBL-AP of baicalin decreased, but without any difference in PDR. The transport of baicalin was improved by 2.34, 3.31 and 3.13 times, after A. dahurica extract coumarin, volatile oil, and mixture of coumarin and volatile oil.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The transport mechanism of baicalin is mainly passive transfer and supplemented with efflux proteins involved. A. dahurica extracts can enhance the absorption of baicalin, which may be related to the passive transfer merchanism of baicalin. A. dahurica extracts' effect in opening the close junction among cells may be related to its expression or function in inhibiting efflux proteins.</p>

Comparison on pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of tanshinone IIA lipid microsphere and sodium tanshinone IIA silate injection / 中草药

Objective: To compare the pharmacokinetics in rats and tissue distribution in mice of tanshinone IIA (TNS) lipid microsphere and sodium tanshinone IIA silate (STS) injection after iv injection. Methods: A sensitive and specific RP-HPLC method was established to determine the concentration of TSN and STS in rat plasma and mice tissue. The TSN and STS levels in plasma of rats and tissues of mice were compared after iv single dose administration of TSN lipid microsphere (5.40 mg/kg) and STS injection (7.27 mg/kg), and the results were fitted by pharmacokinetic and statistic analyses. Results: The bioavailability (AUC0-∞) and peak concentration (Cmax) values of TSN were 2.14 and 2.22 folds as those of STS, the clearance (CL), apparent volume of distribution (V), and mean repair time (MRT) values of TSN were lower (P < 0.01), and other pharmacokinetic parameters had no significant deviation. The results on the tissue distribution of TSN and STS in mice showed that the contents of TSN in heart, liver, spleen, lung, and kidney tissues were 1.94, 0.11, 0.98, 1.65, and 0.28 folds as those of STS with the same molar dose, and the content of TSN in brain tissue increased more significantly than that of STS which has not been detected. Conclusion: The pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of TSN and STS at the same molar dose have significant differences, the AUC and Cmax values of TSN are higher, and the concentration of TSN could be increased in heart, brain, and lung tissues significantly, compared with those of STS.

Clinical significance of simultaneous determination of serum creatine kinase isoenzyme and creatine kinase ratio and cardiac troponin Ⅰ in disease condition judgment of patients with acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning / 中国医师进修杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the changes of serum creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB) and creatine kinase (CK) ratio(CK-MB/CK) and cardiac troponin I(cTnI) simultaneously in patients with acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning (AOPP) and the clinical value in disease condition judgment.Methods Eight hundred and sixty-eight AOPP patients without disease history of heart,lung,brain,kidney,muscle and other connective tissue were extracted 4 ml of fasting venous blood to determine CK,CK-MB and cTnI simultaneously at 2,12,24,48,96 and 120 hours after poisoning,and the CK-MB/CK was calculated.There were 279 mild poisoning cases (mild poisoning group),289 moderate poisoning cases (moderate poisoning group) and 300 severe poisoning group (severe poisoning group) ; and 208 cases with intermediate myasthenia syndrome (IMS)(IMS group) and 660 cases without IMS (non-IMS group).The result was compared with 288 healthy people (control group) in the same period.Results ( 1 ) The CK,CK-MB and cTnI of mild,moderate and severe poisoning groups between 2 to 12 h,13 to 24 h,25 to 120 h after poisoning were significandy higher than those in control group,CK-MB/CK was obviously lower (P ＜ 0.01 ).The CK,CK-MB,cTnI and CK-MB/CK had significant differences between each two of mild,moderate and severe poisoning groups (P＜ 0.01 or ＜ 0.05).The CK,CK-MB and cTnI of IMS group in 2 to120 h after poisoning were significantly higher than those in non-IMS group,and CK-MB/CK was lower (P ＜ 0.05 or ＜ 0.01 ).In IMS group,the rates of sudden cardiac death (SCD) and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) were 23.08％(48/208),37.50％(78/208) respectively,while 4.24％(28/660),9.85％(65/660) in non-IMS group.The incidence of SCD and MODS of two groups had statistical significance (P ＜ 0.01 ).(2) According to IMS and non-IMS group,discriminant equation with independent variables of cTnI (X1), CK (X2) and CK-MB/CK (X3) was established:Y =-0.0014X1 + 0.0225X2 + 65.2376X3,F=21.4911,P ＜ 0.01.The discriminant critical value(Y0) was 2.8124.If Y ＜ 2.8124 belonged to IMS group and Y ≥2.8124 was in non-IMS group,the contribution rates of X1,X2 and X3 were 34.5％,25.4％ and 40.1％ respectively.The coincident rate of return was 91.26％.ConclusionsCK-MB/CK change has negative correlation with poisoning degree of AOPP;cTnI level is positively correlated with AOPP poisoning degree.they may be used to assist the clinical classification,disease judgement and to guide the emergency,treatment and prognosis assessment of AOPP.The function equation with cTnI,CK and CK-MB/CK can be used as effective prediction indexes of IMS,MODS and SCD in early period.

The enhancing effect of Angelica dahurica extracts on absorption of baicalin--the active composition of Scutellaria / 药学学报

To explore the mechanism of the absorption enhancement of Angelica dahurica extract (Ade), the absorption mechanism of baicalin in the Scutcllaria water extraction as well as the effect of Angelica dahurica extract on absorption of baicalin were investigated. In order to determine the main absorption site, everted intestinal sac model was used to study the effect of Angelica dahurica extract on the absorption of baicalin at duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon. In situ single pass intestinal perfusion model was performed to study the absorption of various concentrations of baicalin and the effect of Angelica dahurica extract on the absorption of baicalin at the main absorption site. To authenticate the consequence of perfusion by getting the blood from the hepatic portal vein and determine the concentration of the baicalin in the blood. The result showed that baicalin could be absorbed at all of the four intestinal segments with increasing absorption amount per unit as follows: ileum > colon > jejunum > duodenum. The absorption ofbaicalin in the duodenum significantly increased with Angelica dahurica extract, thus, duodenum was chosen to be the studying site. Apparent permeability values (Papp) and absorption rate constant (Ka) of baicalin in the duodenum increased gradually with higher concentrations. When the concentration of baicalin rises to a certain degree, the absorption increase had a saturable process, the absorption of baicalin may be an active transportation. Baicalin may be not a substrate of P-gp as verapamil which had not significantly affected the Papp and Ka of baicalin. The absorption of baicalin in the duodenum significantly increased (P < 0.01) in the two models with Angelica dahurica extract and the concentration of baicalin in the blood from the hepatic portal vein showed that the Angelica dahurica extract can increase the absorption of baicalin.

Excision repair cross complementation group 1 polymorphisms and lung cancer risk: a meta-analysis / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Several studies have evaluated the association between polymorphisms of encoding excision repair cross complementation group 1 (ERCC1) enzyme and lung cancer risk in diverse populations but with conflicting results. By pooling the relatively small samples in each study, it is possible to perform a meta-analysis of the evidence by rigorous methods.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Embase, Ovid, Medline and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure were searched. Additional studies were identified from references in original studies or review articles. Articles meeting the inclusion criteria were reviewed systematically, and the reported data were aggregated using the statistical techniques of meta-analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>We found 3810 cases with lung cancer and 4332 controls from seven eligible studies. T19007C polymorphism showed no significant effect on lung cancer risk (C allele vs. T allele: odds ratio (OR) = 0.91, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.80 - 1.04; CC vs. TT: OR = 0.76, 95%CI = 0.56 - 1.02; CC vs. (CT + TT): OR = 0.96, 95%CI = 0.84 - 1.10). Similarly, there was no significant main effects for T19007C polymorphism on lung cancer risk when stratified analyses by ethnicity (Chinese or Caucasian). No significant association was found between C8092A polymorphism (3060 patients and 2729 controls) and the risk of lung cancer (A allele vs. C allele: OR = 1.03, 95%CI = 0.95 - 1.11; AA vs. CC: OR = 1.08, 95%CI = 0.88 - 1.33; AA vs. (AC + CC): OR = 1.08, 95%CI = 0.88 - 1.31).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>We found little evidence of an association between the T1900C or C8092A polymorphisms of ERCC 1 and the risk of lung cancer in Caucasian or Han Chinese people.</p>

Expression of Leukemia Inhibitory Factor in Airway Epithelial Tissue of Asthmatic Rats / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

In order to investigate the expression of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in airway epithelial tissues of normal and asthmatic rats, the influence of dexamethasone and the role of LIF in pathogenesis of asthma, 30 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into 3 groups (10 for each group): normal group, asthma model group, and dexamethasone-interfered group. In asthmamodel group and dexamethasone-interfered group, asthma rat models were established by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 10% ovalbumin (OVA) and challenge with 1% OVA via inhalation. Rats in dexamethasone-interfered group were pretreated with dexamethasone (2 mg/kg, i.p) 30 min before each challenge. The expression of LIF protein in lung was detected by immunohistochemistry. The results showed that LIF protein was mainly expressed in cytoplasm of bronchial epithelial cells. The expression of LIF protein in the airway epithelial tissue of asthma model group was significantly higher than that in normal group and dexamethasone-interfered group (P＜0.01), but there was no significant difference between normal group and dexamethasone-interfered group (P＞0.05). It was concluded that the expression of LIF was increased significantly in the airway epithelial tissue of the asthma rats, and dexamethasone could down-regulate the expression of LIF. It was suggested that LIF might play an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma as an inflammation regulator.

Expression of Interleukin-17 in Lung and Peripheral Blood of Asthmatic Rats and the Influence of Dexamethasone / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

The expression of interleukin-17 (IL-17) in lung and peripheral blood of asthmatic rats and the influence of dexamethasone, and the role of IL-17 in the pathogenesis of asthma were inves-tigated. Thirty Sprague-Dawley (SD) adult rats were randomly divided into three groups (n=10 in each group): normal group, asthmatic group, and dexamethasone-interfered group. Rat asthmatic model was established by intraperitoneal (I.p.) injection of 10% ovalbumin (OVA) and challenge with 1% OVA via inhalation. Rats in dexamethasone-interfered group were pretreated with dexa-methasone (2 mg/kg, I.p.) 30 rain before each challenge. The expression of IL-17 protein in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was detected by ELISA. The expression of IL-17 mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and BALF cells was semi-quantitatively detected by RT-PCR. The expression of IL-17 protein in serum and BALF of asthmatic rats was significantly elevated as compared with normal rats and dexamethsone-interfered rats (P<0.01), and there was sig- nificant difference between normal rats and dexamethsone-interfered rats (P<0.05). The expression of IL-17 mRNA in PBMC and BALF cells of asthmatic rats was markedly increased as compared with normal rats and dexamethsone-interfered rats (P<0.01), and significant difference was found between normal rats and dexamethsone-interfered rats (P<0.05). It was concluded that the expression of IL-17 was increased significantly in asthmatic rats and could be inhibited partly by dexamethasone, sug-gesting that IL-17 might play an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma as an inflammation regulation factor.