Infecciones respiratorias asociadas a traqueostomías en niños / Respiratory infections due to tracheostomy in children

Tracheostomy is the communication between the trachea and the exterior. This procedure is indicated in situations of critical upper airway obstruction or need of long term mechanical ventilation. This condition of airway exposed directly to the environment, without the natural mechanisms of defence, determines a higher risk for infections. This paper seeks defining microbiological situations in patients with tracheostomy and suggests treatment guidelines.

La traqueostomía es un procedimiento que comunica la tráquea con el exterior, indicada en situaciones de obstrucción crítica de la vía aérea alta o necesidad de ventilación mecánica prolongada. Esta situación de comunicación de la vía aérea con el medio, sin los mecanismos de protección naturales, determina un mayor riesgo de infecciones respiratorias. Este artículo busca definir situaciones microbiológicas frecuentes en pacientes con traqueostomía y sugerir líneas de manejo.

Guía clínica para el diagnóstico y cuidado de niños/adolescentes con bronquiolitis obliterante post-infecciosa, 2009 / Clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and care of children and adolescents with post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans, 2009

La bronquiolitis obliterante (BO) es un síndrome clínico poco frecuente en niños, caracterizado por la obstrucción crónica al flujo de aire asociado a cambios inflamatorios y distintos grados de fibrosis en la vía aérea pequeña. Si bien existen muchas etiologías, la causa mas frecuente se asocia a infeccionesrespiratorias virales, principalmente adenovirus. No existe un consenso para establecer su diagnóstico; sin embargo, se considera un espectro de síntomas persistentes asociados a un patrón en mosaico, bronquiectasias y atelectasias persistentes. El rol de la biopsia pulmonar ha sido cuestionado por subajo rendimiento, invasividad y complicaciones. No existe un tratamiento específico por lo que elmanejo es soporte. Probablemente la mejor estrategia constituya el empleo de antibióticos en forma agresiva, soporte kinésico y nutricional constante y una precoz rehabilitación pulmonar. Estas guías clínicas representan un esfuerzo multidisciplinario, basado en evidencias actuales para brindarherramientas prácticas para el diagnóstico y cuidado de niños y adolescentes con BO post infecciosa.

Ventilación mecánica invasiva en el paciente crónico: criterios de selección / Long-term invasive mechanical ventilation: selection criteria

Este capítulo revisa los criterios clínicos de selección de pacientes para ingresar a un programa de ventilación mecánica prolongada (VMP) en forma invasiva en domicilio y la metodología para establecer un programa nacional de VMP.

Heparina subcutánea durante el primer trimestre del embarazo en mujeres con prótesis valvulares cardíacas / Subcutaneous heparin during the first trimester of pregnancy in women with prosthetic heart valves

Background: Oral anticoagulation therapy in pregnant women with prosthetic heart valves is associated with a greater risk of abortion, fetal malformations and thromboembolic complications. Aim: To assess the use of subcutaneous heparin in women with pregnancies of less than 12 weeks as an alternative to oral anticoagulation therapy. Material and methods: Pregnant women were admitted to the hospital and coumarinics were replaced with not fractionated subcutaneous heparin in a dose of 10,000 IU every 12 hours, aiming at prolonging partial thromboplastin time, 2 or 2 1/2 times. During the hospitalization period, women were taught about the heparin injection technique. Coumarinics were restarted after week 13 of pregnancy until 10 days prior to the delivery date in which women were again admitted to the hospital and intravenous heparin was used until the delivery. Results: Between 1991 and 1997, this protocol was used during ten pregnancies in seven women aged 19 to 36 years old. Five had a Starr-Edwards prosthesis, one had a mitral Bjsrk-Shilley prosthesis and one, a double prosthesis (mitral Starr-Machi and aortic St Jude). Subcutaneous heparin was started in the fifth week of pregnancy in 1 case, in the sixth week in seven and in the seventh week in two. There was no maternal mortality and one transient ischemic attack without sequelae. One non compliant patient had a Bjsrk Shilley prosthetic valve dysfunction that required a valve replacement at the twelfth week of pregnancy and she had a spontaneous abortion at week 15. Other patient had a pneumonia at week 37 and gave birth to a stillbirth. There were no fetal malformations. Conclusions: This therapeutic protocol can be used among Chilean patients, but must be restricted to compliant women and a strict surveillance must be maintained