Ex Vivos Models to Teaching Therapeutic Endoscopic Ultrasound (T-EUS) / Modelos ex-vivo en aprendizaje de la ecoendoscopia terapéutica (EE-T)

Background: Endoscopic ultrasound training has a learning curve greater than the other endoscopic therapeutic techniques. One of the preclinical teaching methods is the use of ex vivo porcine models. Aim: To describe five ex vivo porcine models for training in therapeutic echoendoscopic procedures. Materials and methods: Using porcine digestive tract containing esophagus, stomach, duodenum, spleen, liver and gallbladder, five models for therapeutic echoendoscopy training were described. With other segments of the porcine pieces (such as the bladder, spleen segment and omentum segment) and with easily accessible materials (such as grape and ultrasound gel), lesions were simulated to be treated. These models were applied in the Hands on course at the IRCAD (Institut de recherche contre les cancers de l'appareil digestif) Barretos of 2017. Endoscopic equipment and instruments are the same as those used in clinical practice. Result: The models are easily reproducible and do not require exchange during the hands on course period. Endoscopic and echographic imaging and tactile sensitivity are similar to the real one. Conclusion: The models described in this study demonstrated to be realistic, easy to reproduce and allow repetition during the same session. However, comparative studies are necessary to verify the real impact on teaching

Racional: El entrenamiento de la ecoendoscopía tiene una curva de aprendizaje mayor que las demás técnicas endoscópicas terapéuticas. Uno de los métodos de enseñanza preclínica es el uso de modelos porcinosex vivos. Objetivo: Describir cinco modelos porcino sex vivo para entrenamiento de procedimientos ecoendoscópicos terapéuticos. Materiales y método: Utilizando el tracto digestivo porcino, que contiene esófago, estómago, duodeno, delgado, hígado y vesícula biliar, se han descrito cinco modelos para el entrenamiento de ecoendoscopía terapéutica. Con otros segmentos de la pieza porcina (como vejiga, segmento de delgado, bazo y omento) y con materiales de fácil acceso (como uva y gel de ecografía), se simularon lesiones a ser tratadas. Estos modelos se aplicaron en el curso Handsonenel IRCAD (Institut de recherche contre les cancers de l'appareil digestif) Barretos de 2017. Los aparatos e instrumentos endoscópicos son los mismos utilizados en la práctica clínica. Resultado: Los modelos forman de fácil reproducibilidad, no siendo necesario el cambio de la pieza porcina durante el período del curso Handson. La imagen endoscópica y ecográfica y la sensibilidad táctil son similares a la real. Conclusión: Los modelos descritos en este trabajo han demostrado ser realistas, de fácil reproducción y permiten repetición durante la misma sesión. Sin embargo, los estudios comparativos son necesarios para verificar el impacto real en la enseñanza

A comparison of the efficiency of 22G versus 25G needles in EUS-FNA for solid pancreatic mass assessment: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Our aim in this study was to compare the efficiency of 25G versus 22G needles in diagnosing solid pancreatic lesions by EUS-FNA. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis. Studies were identified in five databases using an extensive search strategy. Only randomized trials comparing 22G and 25G needles were included. The results were analyzed by fixed and random effects. A total of 504 studies were found in the search, among which 4 randomized studies were selected for inclusion in the analysis. A total of 462 patients were evaluated (233: 25G needle/229: 22G needle). The diagnostic sensitivity was 93% for the 25G needle and 91% for the 22G needle. The specificity of the 25G needle was 87%, and that of the 22G needle was 83%. The positive likelihood ratio was 4.57 for the 25G needle and 4.26 for the 22G needle. The area under the sROC curve for the 25G needle was 0.9705, and it was 0.9795 for the 22G needle, with no statistically significant difference between them (p=0.497). Based on randomized studies, this meta-analysis did not demonstrate a significant difference between the 22G and 25G needles used during EUS-FNA in the diagnosis of solid pancreatic lesions.

An innovative ex-vivo model for rapid change of the papilla for teaching advanced endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography procedures / Modelo ex-vivo inovador de troca rápida da papila para o ensino de procedimentos avançados na colangiopancreatografia endoscópica retrógrada

ABSTRACT Background: Models for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography training allow practice with an expert feedback and without risks. A method to rapidly exchange the papilla can be time saving and accelerate the learning curve. Aim: To demonstrate a newly method of rapid exchange papilla in ex-vivo models to teach retrograde cholangiopancreatography advanced procedures. Methods: A new model of ex-vivo papilla was developed in order to resemble live conditions of procedures as cannulation, papilotomy or fistula-papilotomy, papiloplasty, biliary dilatation, plastic and metallic stentings. Results: The ex-vivo model of papilla rapid exchange is feasible and imitates with realism conditions of retrograde cholangiopancreatography procedures. Conclusion: This model allows an innovative method of advanced endoscopic training.

RESUMO Racional: Nas últimas décadas os simuladores de colangiopancreatografia retrógrada tiveram grande evolução. Atualmente dispõem-se de vários métodos para realizar o treinamento minimizando os riscos de complicações e tornando a curva de aprendizagem muito rápida. Objetivo: Demonstrar uma variação dos modelos ex-vivos desenvolvidos para o treinamento avançado em colangiopancreatografia retrograda. Método: Foi criado um modelo ex-vivo simulando fatores e condições reais para o treinamento avançado de colangiopancreatografia retrograda como canulação, papilotomia, fistulotomia, papiloplastia e uso de próteses plásticas e metálicas. Resultados: Esse modelo ex-vivo, com a possibilidade de troca rápida da papila, mostrou-se viável e no treinamento simula condições muito próximas às reais. Conclusão: Neste modelo há grande inovação para o treinamento de novos endoscopistas em procedimento avançados na colangiopancreatografia retrógrada.

Guide wire-assisted cannulation versus conventional contrast to prevent pancreatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis based on randomized control trials / Canulación asistida por alambre guía versus contraste convencional para prevenir la pancreatitis: Una revisión sistemática y meta-análisis basados en ensayos aleatorios controlados

Objective: Through this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aim to clarify the differences between these two techniques, thus improving primary success cannulation and reducing complications during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, primarily pancreatitis. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted to search for data available up until June2015from the most important databases available in the health field: EMBASE, MEDLINE (via PubMed), Cochrane, LILACS and CENTRAL (via BVS), SCOPUS, the CAPES database (Brazil), and gray literature. Results: Nine randomized clinical trialsincluding2583 people were selected from20,198 studies for meta-analysis. Choledocholithiasis had been diagnosed in mostly (63.8%) of the patients, who were aged an average of 63.15 years. In those patients treated using the guide wire-assisted cannulation technique, provided a significantly lower instance of pancreatitis (RD=0.03; 95% CI: 0.01-0.05; I2= 45%) and greater primary success cannulation (RD=0.07; 95% CI: 0.03-0.12; I2=12%) than conventional contrast cannulation. Conclusions: The guide wire-assisted technique, when compared to the conventional contrast technique, reduces the risk of pancreatitis and increases primary success cannulation rate. Thus, guide wire-assisted cannulation appears to be the most appropriate first-line cannulation technique

Objetivo: A través de esta revisión sistemática y meta-análisis, nuestro objetivo es aclarar las diferencias entre estas dos técnicas, mejorando así la canulación de éxito primario y reducir las complicaciones durante la colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica, principalmente la pancreatitis. Métodos: Una búsqueda exhaustiva se realizó para buscar datos disponibles hasta junio de 2015, desde las bases de datos más importantes disponibles en el campo de la salud: EMBASE, MEDLINE (vía PubMed), Cochrane, LILACS y CENTRAL (a través de la BVS), SCOPUS, la base de datos CAPES (Brasil), y la literatura gris. Resultados: Nueve ensayos clínicos aleatorios incluyendo 2583 personas fueron seleccionados de 20198 estudios de meta- análisis. Coledocolitiasis había sido diagnosticada en su mayoría (63,8%) de los pacientes, que tenían entre un promedio de 63,15 años. En los pacientes tratados con la técnica de canulación guiada, proporcionado una instancia significativamente menor de pancreatitis (RD=0,03; IC del 95%: 0,01-0,05; I2=45%) y una mayor canalización de éxito primario (RD=0,07; IC del 95%: 0,03-0.12; I2=12%) que la canulación por contraste. Conclusiones: La técnica canulación con alambre guía, en comparación a la técnica de contraste convencional, reduce el riesgo de pancreatitis y aumenta la tasa de canulación con éxito primario. Por lo tanto, canulación con alambre guía parece ser la técnica de canulación de primera línea y la más adecuada

Watermelon stomach: clinical aspects and treatment with argon plasma coagulation / Ectasia vascular do antro gástrico ("watermelon stomach"): aspectos clínicos e tratamento com coagulação com plasma de argônio

BACKGROUND: Gastric antral vascular ectasia is a disorder whose pathogenetic mechanism is unknown. The endoscopic treatment with argon plasma coagulation has been considered one of the best endoscopic therapeutic options. AIM: To analyze the endoscopic and clinical features of gastric antral vascular ectasia and its response to the argon plasma coagulation treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eighteen patients were studied and classified into two groups: group 1 - whose endoscopic aspect was striped (watermelon) or of the diffuse confluent type; group 2 - diffuse spotty nonconfluent endoscopic aspect. RESULTS: Group 1 with eight patients, all having autoimmune antibodies, but one, whose antibodies were not searched for. Three were cirrhotic and three had hypothyroidism. All had gastric mucosa atrophy. In group 2, with 10 patients, all had non-immune liver disease, with platelet levels below 90.000. Ten patients were submitted to argon plasma coagulation treatment, with 2 to 36 months of follow-up. Lesions recurred in all patients who remained in the follow-up program and one did not respond to treatment for acute bleeding control. CONCLUSION: There seem to be two distinct groups of patients with gastric antral vascular ectasia: one related to immunologic disorders and other to non-immune chronic liver disease and low platelets. The endoscopic treatment using argon plasma coagulation had a high recurrence in the long-term evaluation.

RACIONAL: "Watermelon stomach" ou ectasia vascular do antro gástrico é uma doença de etiopatogenia desconhecida. O tratamento endoscópico através da coagulação com plasma de argônio é considerado uma das melhores opções terapêuticas. OBJETIVO: Analisar os aspectos clínicos e endoscópicos da ectasia vascular do antro gástrico e a resposta ao tratamento com coagulação com plasma de argônio. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Dezoito pacientes foram estudados e classificados em dois grupos: grupo I - oito pacientes que exibiam ectasia vascular do antro gástrico de aspecto difuso confluente ou estriado. Grupo II - 10 pacientes que apresentavam aspecto difuso pontilhado não-confluente. RESULTADOS: Todos os pacientes do grupo I apresentavam auto-anticorpos, exceto um paciente no qual não foi pesquisado. Três eram cirróticos, três tinham hipotireoidismo e todos apresentavam gastrite atrófica. No grupo II, todos tinham doença hepática não-autoimune, com plaquetas menores que 90.000. Dez pacientes foram submetidos a tratamento com coagulação com plasma de argônio, com 2 a 36 meses de seguimento. A ectasia vascular do antro gástrico recorreu em todos os pacientes que continuaram em acompanhamento e um paciente não respondeu ao tratamento para controle de sangramento agudo. CONCLUSÃO: Observou-se a existência de dois grupos distintos de pacientes com ectasia vascular do antro gástrico: um grupo associado a distúrbios imunológicos e outro com doença hepática não auto-imune e plaquetopenia. O tratamento com coagulação com plasma de argônio apresentou alta recurrência das ectasias vasculares.

Antireflux valve self-expanding stent in the treatment of gastroesophageal junction tumors

Background - advanced tumors of distal esophagus and cardia treated with self expanding metal stents (SEMS) deployed across gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) created conditions for gastroesophageal reflux and complications like aspiration and esophagitis. So, an antireflux mechanism asssociated to it would be usefull to the quality of life of the patients. Aim - to evaluate dysphagia palliation, GER manifestations, nutritional parameter and quality of life in palliative treatment of patients with esophagogastric advanced tumors with of SEMS with antireflux valve / Racional - a paliação da disfagia por neoplasia maligna avançada da junção esofagogástrica com próteses metálicas auto-expansíveis propicia condições para o refluxo gastroesofágico e complicações como broncoaspiração e esofagite. Próteses com mecanismo anti-refluxo têm função de evitá-las. Objetivo: avaliar os resultados clínicos obtidos com o tratamento...