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ObjectiveAntibiotic resistance genes （ARGs） have received wide attention all over the world. The purpose of this study was to explore the bacterial community structure， the types and levels of antibiotic resistance genes in a water body in east China， and to compare and analyze the characteristics of microbial species distribution and antibiotic resistance gene distribution in various water environments. MethodsA total of 10 households in Haimen City， Jiangsu Province were selected and their surrounding water environment samples were collected. 21 water samples including river water （4）， Mingou water （9） and well water （8） were collected for metagenomics sequencing， assembled with MetaWRAP， annotated with CARD database， and analyzed with R software. ResultsIn various water bodies， the dominant bacteria phyla was Proteobacteria， the dominant bacteria genera were Deuterostomia， Pseudomonas， Flavobacteriales and Streptomycetaceae. The ARGs annotated were mainly composed of quinolones， aminoglycosides， macrolides and beta-lactams antibiotic resistance genes. The top four relative abundance of resistance genes were macB， RanA， evgS and TxR， The average absolute abundance and expression of resistance genes in well water and Mingou water were higher than those in river water. ConclusionMultiple ARGs are detected to varying degrees in well water， river water， and Mingou water bodies， and the expression of resistance genes in well water and Mingou water bodies is higher than that in river water bodies， possibly due to human production and living activities.
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ObjectiveTo discover and analyze single or several correlative key amino acid sites that influence the host tropism during the influenza A virus （IAV） infection based on complete internal protein gene segments of IAV strains， and to provide evidence for the study of human host-adaptive mutations of IAV. MethodsThe full-length nucleotide sequences of 43 671 IAV strains containing 6 complete internal gene segments were downloaded from the GISAID EpiFluTM database， and 698 human-tropic （HU） and 1 266 avian-tropic （AV） representative strains were included. The consensus coding sequences of the representative strains from the amphitropic category were compared by R script， and the differential amino acid sites and their polymorphisms were then obtained. The multi-site combination analysis of differential sites was conducted with R script. ResultsA total of 49 and 57 conserved differential sites were obtained from the consensus sequence comparison between AV and H1N1 （subtype from HU）， and comparison between AV and H3N2 （another subtype from HU）， separately. 79 and 65 multi-site combinations were found between HU and AV strains through 3 and 4 sites combination analysis， respectively， and a total of 11 conserved sites were involved： site 271 and 684 in PB2； site 336， 486， 581 and 621 in PB1； site 204 and 356 in PA； site 33， 305 and 357 in NP. No eligible differential sites were found in M1 and NS1. ConclusionSeveral conserved amino acid differential sites， between HU and AV strains of IAV， are found in PB2， PB1， PA and NP proteins. Instead of working as single units， these sites may have interactions， forming specific amino acid combinations that determine the host tropism of IAV collectively.
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Objective To explore the effects of different dietary induction models of inulin， resistant starch RS3 and their complexes on the body weight and intestinal flora in mice. Methods A total of 64 C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into low-fat control group， low-fat inulin group， low-fat resistant starch RS3 group， low-fat composite group and high-fat control group， high-fat inulin group， high-fat resistant starch RS3 group and high-fat composite group for dietary intervention. The mice were weighed and fresh feces were collected weekly. Diet intervention was continued until the weight of the high-fat control group was more than 14% higher than that of the low-fat control group. The mice were then sacrificed after overnight fasting. Liver and epididymal fat were weighed， and the colon contents were collected for 16S amplicon sequencing analysis. Results In low-fat diet fed mice， the combined induction of inulin and resistant starch RS3 caused a significant decrease in body weight gain. In high-fat diet fed mice， inulin alone and the combined induction both caused a significant reduction in weight gain， and there was no significant difference between the two methods. In the high-fat diet groups， inulin， resistant starch RS3， and the compound could be distinguished by Bacteroides， Bifidobacterium and Alloprevotella respectively. In the low-fat diet groups， inulin， resistant starch RS3， and the composite groups could be distinguished by Coriobacteriaceae_UCG_002， Bacteroides and Helicobacter， respectively. Conclusion Inulin and resistant starch RS3 diet induction can significantly reduce the weight gain of C57BL/6 mice， change the structure of intestinal flora， and show the difference between high-fat and low-fat diets. Inulin and resistant starch RS3 may reduce body weight and promote fat metabolism by changing the structure of intestinal flora.
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Objective To explore the effect of invasion and migration of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) endothelial cells (TECs) affected by overexpression of microRNA-3178 (miR-3178) through the transfection of miR-3178 mimic.Methods Real-time polymerase chain reaction (Real-time PCR) was used to identify differential expression of miR-3178 in normal hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells (HSECs) and HCC TECs.Furthermore,HCC TECs were divided into 3 groups:control (CON) group,miRNA-3178 upregulation (Mimics,up-regulation of miR-3178 expression was achieved using miR-3178 mimics transfected into HCC TECs) group and negative control (NC,negative control sequence was transfected into HCC TECs) group.RT-PCR was used to detect expression of miR-3178 in HCC TECs before and after transfection.Transfection efficiency was observed by using an inverted fluorescence microscope.HCC TECs invasionand migration were measured by matrigel invasion and transwell migration assay.EGR3 protein expression of HCC TECs were identified by Western blotting analysis.EGR3 mRNA expression of HCC TECs were identified by RT-PCR analysis.Results The results of RT-PCR showed that miR-3178 was significantly down-regulated in HCC TECs compared to HSECs (P ＜0.05),and expression of miR-3178 was significantly increased after the transcienttransfection (P ＜ 0.05).The transfection efficiency in HCC TECs was morethan 90％.Number of migrated and invaded cells and in miR-3178 group was significantly less than those in other groups.Target gene prediction software showed EGR3 was a possible candidate target.Transfection of miR-3178 mimic significantly decreased the mRNA and protein expression levels of EGR3.Conclusion MiR-3178 was downregulated in HCC TECs and overexpression of miR-3178 can specifically inhibit migration and invasion of HCC TECsin vitro through inhibiting EGR3 expression,thus,miR-3178 might be a critical targeted therapy strategv for HCC.
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Objective To evaluate Aedes albopictus infestation status in the central urban area of Shanghai,and analyze the related epidemic risk of mosquito-borne infectious disease.Methods Consecutive mosquito surveillance was conducted in the green lands and residential areas in the central urban area of Shanghai during 2012-2014,the Aedes albopictas density and its seasonal fluctuation were observed;the sequence ofAedes albopictus in Shanghai was aligned with that in other epidemic area abroad,and the susceptibility ofAedes albopictus to mosquito-borne virus and endemic risk were analyzed.Results No Aedes aegypti was found in the central urban area of Shanghai.As predominant species in both the residential area and the green lands,the proportion ofAedes albopictus in the residential area was significantly higher than that in the green lands (78.53％ vs.19.99％,x2=15 525.168,P＜0.001),and so was the density (11.91,42.02 pcs/day· site in the residential area vs.3.65,2.18,2.73 pcs/day· site in the green lands,all P value＜0.001).In 2014,the density reached 42.02 pcs/day · site and the proportion reached 94.69％ in the residential areas.Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the genetic distance between Aedes albopictus in Shanghai and Aedes albopictus in Africa was quite far.Conclusion No Aedes aegypti was found in Shanghai and its surrounding areas,while Aedes albopictus infestation in the central urban area of Shanghai was serious.Strict measures should be taken to reduce the Aedes albopictus density for the effective control Zika virus spread.
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Objective To evaluate Aedes albopictus infestation status in the central urban area of Shanghai,and analyze the related epidemic risk of mosquito-borne infectious disease.Methods Consecutive mosquito surveillance was conducted in the green lands and residential areas in the central urban area of Shanghai during 2012-2014,the Aedes albopictas density and its seasonal fluctuation were observed;the sequence ofAedes albopictus in Shanghai was aligned with that in other epidemic area abroad,and the susceptibility ofAedes albopictus to mosquito-borne virus and endemic risk were analyzed.Results No Aedes aegypti was found in the central urban area of Shanghai.As predominant species in both the residential area and the green lands,the proportion ofAedes albopictus in the residential area was significantly higher than that in the green lands (78.53％ vs.19.99％,x2=15 525.168,P＜0.001),and so was the density (11.91,42.02 pcs/day· site in the residential area vs.3.65,2.18,2.73 pcs/day· site in the green lands,all P value＜0.001).In 2014,the density reached 42.02 pcs/day · site and the proportion reached 94.69％ in the residential areas.Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the genetic distance between Aedes albopictus in Shanghai and Aedes albopictus in Africa was quite far.Conclusion No Aedes aegypti was found in Shanghai and its surrounding areas,while Aedes albopictus infestation in the central urban area of Shanghai was serious.Strict measures should be taken to reduce the Aedes albopictus density for the effective control Zika virus spread.
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Objective To understand the nucleotide and amino acid differences of glycoprotein gene (G gene) between isolated rabies viruses in Henan Province and rabies vaccine strains used for human and animals. Methods G gene sequences of nine rabies viruses isolated from dogs in Xinyang city of Henan Province in December 2006 were amplified by reverse transcriptase (RT)-heminestedpolymerase chain reaction (PCR), and then were cloned and sequenced. The phylogenetic trees were constructed for analyzing the genetic characteristics of these rabies viruses. Results The homology of G gene among the nine isolates from Henan Province was 97.6% - 98.9% at nucleotide level and 99.2%-99.8% at amino acid level. The similarities between these isolates and CTN vaccine strain were 85.6%-93.0% and 91.9%-92.9% at nucleotide and amino acid level, respectively, which were higher than those between these isolates and other vaccine strains (80.4% - 83.3% and 87.7% - 92.5% at nucleotide and amino acid level, respectively). The nine isolates had several amino acid substitutions when compared to other genotype 1 rabies virus strains. Conclusions The nine rabies viruses strains isolated from Henan Province all belong to genotype 1. CTN may be an effective vaccine for preventing rabies in Henan Province.
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The virus family Arenaviridae is a diverse group of RNA viruses and includes the etiologic agents of several emerging zoonoses that are characterized by high case-fatality rates.The purpose of this article is to review the major features of the zoonotic arenaviruses from the angles of their taxonomy and classification,epidemiology and ecology,mode of transmission,clinical signs,prevention and control,etc.Which are important for the reason that viruses causing severe disease in humans are re-emerging somewhere the world.
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Objective To investigate the risk factors and management of retained common bile duct stones.Method The clinical data of 14 patients with retained common bile duct stones between 1994 and 2000 was statistically analyzed in comparison with 191 patients of the negative postoperative T tube cholangiography. Results Common bile duct stones were present in 20% of patients undergoing cholecystectomy. In 7% of patients, stones were left in the bile ducts after common bile duct exploration. Statistically significant difference was observed in the age of the patient population, the percentage of associated acute cholangitis, the number of the stones present in common bile duct and the frequercy of the intraoperative choledochoscopy when compared retained bile duct stones with negative postoperative T tube cholangiography. Conclusions Retained common bile duct stones is related to age of the patient, the association of acute cholangitis, the number of the common bile duct stones and the operative choledochoscopy. Postoperative flexible choledochoscopy or endoscopic papillotomy is an effective method for managing patients with retained common bile duct stones.
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Objective To improve the cure rate of hepatobiliary lithiasis.Methods Two hundred and seventy-five patients with retained gallstones in the hepatic bile ducts after choledochostomy were treated with choledochofiberscope from August 1989 to August 2001 in this hospital.Results In 252 cases(91.6%), the residual gallstones were thoroughly removed with choledochoscope and in remaining 23 cases(8.4%), the stones were not completely removed. The factors affecting the results of the procedures include improper locating of T-tube, the exfoliation of T-tube and closure of fistula, the size and the incarceration of retained gallstones, the narrowed bile ducts, the performance of intraoperative choledochoscope, the method of operation.Conclusions Choledochofiberscope is of great value in surgical treatment of hepatobiliary lithiasis. However it can't completely replace to remove the damaged liver caused by the gallstones.