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Objective To make classification and segment measurement for the cases with tibiofibular and ankle fractures in parachuting landing, and investigate main classification types of parachuting fractures and fracture segments of high risk.Methods A total of 56 fracture cases in parachuting landing were collected, and the tibiofibula and ankle fractures were classified according to AO-OTA or Lauge-Hansen classification standards respectively based on their digital X-ray images. The medium plane between talus and tibia joint planes in ankle joint was defined as the reference plane. The highest and lowest injury points of tibia and fibula were marked respectively, and the fracture segment was defined between the highest and lowest point for statistical analysis.Results For tibiofibular and ankle fracture cases in parachuting landing, fracture at both tibia and fibula accounted for 80.4%. The major classification of tibiofibula fracture was 42-D/5.2 (45.8%) and 42-D/5.1 (16.7%). The major classification for ankle fracture was pronation-external rotation (PER, 59.4%) and supination-external rotation (SER, 37.5%). When tibiofibular and ankle fracture cases in parachuting landing occurred, the fracture segment of the tibia was mainly from 57 to 143 mm above the reference plane and from 6 mm below the reference plane to 24 mm above the reference plane, while the fracture segment of the fibula was 4-45 mm and 74-83 mm above the reference plane. Injury risks of all above segments were higher than 50%.Conclusions For protection of lower limbs in parachuting landing, the fracture at both tibia and fibula should be highly noticed. The ankle motion of PER and SER should be especially restricted in parachuting ankle protection.
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BACKGROUND@#Female breast cancer (FBC) has become the most prevalent malignancy worldwide. We aimed to evaluate the global and regional burden in epidemiological trends and factors associated with the incidence and mortality of FBC.@*METHODS@#FBC incidence and mortality in 60 selected countries by cancer registry data integrity in 2020 were estimated from the GLOBOCAN database, and their association with the human development index (HDI) was further evaluated. Trends of age-standardized rates of incidence and mortality in 60 countries from 2000 through 2019 were evaluated by joinpoint regression analysis using data of Global Burden of Disease 2019. The association between potential behavioral, metabolic, and socioeconomic risk factor exposure at the nation level retrieved from the World Bank and Global Health Observatory and the incidence and mortality of FBC were evaluated by multivariate linear regression.@*RESULTS@#FBC incidence and mortality varied greatly in the 60 included countries. Higher incidence and mortality rates were typically observed in countries with higher HDIs and vice versa. During 2000 to 2019, significantly increasing trends in incidence and mortality were observed in 26 (average annual percent changes [AAPCs], 0.35-2.96) and nine countries (AAPC, 0.30-1.65), respectively, while significantly decreasing trends in both incidence and mortality were observed in 22 countries, most of which were high-HDI countries. Among the population aged ≥40 years, there were 26 and 11 countries showing significantly increased trends in incidence and mortality, respectively. Ecological analysis showed that countries with higher prevalence rates of high cholesterol and higher health expenditures were more likely to have higher FBC incidence, and countries with higher rates of obesity and poorer universal health coverage were more likely to have higher FBC mortality.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Despite decreased or stabilized FBC incidence and mortality rates were observed in some countries with high HDI over the past decades, disease burden became even severer in developing countries, especially for the population aged ≥40 years. Effective targeted preventive programs are strongly encouraged to reduce the FBC disease burden worldwide.
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Feminino , Humanos , Neoplasias da Mama/epidemiologia , Saúde Global , Incidência , Sistema de Registros , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Objective To study effects of backpack gravity center position on kinetics and kinematics of lower-extremity joints in parachuting landing and evaluate the injuries. Methods Seven participants performed parachuting landing with backpack gravity center on three positions: low-back (position 1), upper-back (position 2) and abdomen (position 3). Results The peak vertical ground reaction force (GRF) with backpack on position 2 was significantly lower than that on position 1. The joint moment on sagittal plane of the hip with backpack on position 2 was significantly higher than that on position 1 and position 3. The joint energy absorption of the hip with backpack on position 2 was significantly higher than that on position 1. The angular displacement of the hip on sagittal plane with backpack on position 2 was significantly higher than that on position 1 and was significantly lower than that on position 3. The angular velocity of the hip on sagittal plane with backpack on position 2 was significantly lower than that on position 3. Conclusions Different positions of backpack gravity center could significantly influence kinetic and kinematic parameters of the hip. Backpack gravity center on upper-back position could decrease the lower-extremity injuries. The results can provide evidences for evaluating backpack gravity center and decreasing injuries in parachuting landing.
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OBJECTIVE:To determine the median effective dose (ED50) of propofol with single intravenous injection in alcohol dependence or withdrawal model rats,and to observe the anaesthetic effect of 2-fold ED50 propofol. METHODS:Fifty SD rats were divided into drinking group(n＝23)and control group(n＝27)based on whether the consumption of alcohol was greater than 3.0 g/(kg·d). Drinking group continued to drink freely and intermittently to establish alcohol dependence model. Control group was only given drinking water for ethanol elution 16 rats were randomly selected from each group to determine ED50 of propofol with single intravenous injection by sequential method,and initial dose was 6.02 mg/kg. After eluting for a week,alcohol dependence rats stopped drinking for 24 hours and had alcohol withdrawal symptoms to establish alcohol withdrawal model. ED50 of propofol in alcohol withdrawal group and control group were determined with same method. After eluting for a week,anaesthetic effect [disappearance time and reappearance time of forepaw righting reflex(FRR),time of activity complete recovery] of 2-fold ED50 propofol with single intravenous injection were observed in alcohol dependence group,alcohol withdrawal group and control group,and corresponding time point and the frequency of respiration before administration were also observed. Changes of liver function indexes(serum albumin,alanine transaminase,total bilirubin,γ glutamyl transaminopeptidase)and liver histomorphology were observed 48 h after medication,10 in each group. RESULTS:ED50 of propofol in alcohol dependence model rats was 9.563 mg/kg,which was higher than 5.623 mg/kg of control group. ED50 of propofol in alcohol withdrawal model rats was 4.086 mg/kg,which was lower than 5.297 mg/kg of control group. Compared with control group,reappearance time of FRR was prolonged significantly in alcohol dependence group and alcohol withdrawal group (P＜0.05). There was no statistical significance in disappearance time of FRR or activity complete recovery time (P＞0.05). The frequency of respiration during FRR disappearance was lower than before propofol injection,FRR reappearance and activity complete recovery (P＜0.01). After intravenous injection of 2-fold ED50 propofol,reappearance time of FRR in alcohol dependence group and alcohol withdrawal group were longer than control group(P＜0.05)；the alcohol dependence group was longer than the alcohol withdrawal group(P＜0.05).The time of activity complete recovery in alcohol dependence group was longer than control group and alcohol withdrawal group (P＜0.05). The frequency of respiration in 3 groups during FRR disappearance were all lower than before propofol injection,FRR reappearance and activity complete recovery(P＜0.01). There was no significant difference in the change of liver function indexes or liver histomorphology. CONCLUSIONS:ED50 of propofol is increased in alcohol dependence rats,while ED50 of propofol is decreased in alcohol withdrawal rats. 2-fold ED50 of propofol has no significant toxicity to liver function.
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Objective To study effects of different types of high-impact exercises on the increment of bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) . Methods Thirty-nine male volunteers, including 13 hoopsters, 13 paratroopers, and 13 common college students as the control, were recruited and divided into two subgroups (subgroup 1:20-22 years old; subgroup 2:23-25 years old). Their BMDs and BMCs on calcaneus, first through fifth metatarsus, hip, and lumbar spine (L1-4) were evaluated. Results The BMC of calcaneus, the first and second metatarsals, total lumbar spine, and total hip in the hoopster group was significantly higher than that in the control group and paratrooper group. The hoopster group obtained statistically higher BMD at the lumbar spine, hip, and femoral neck than the other two groups. However, the BMCs and BMDs of the paratrooper group and control group had no significant differences at almost all measured anatomical locations. Conclusions BMC and BMD are not always in positive correlation with vertical ground reaction forces during normal exercises. Compared with parachuting training, playing basketball as a kind of variable load exercise can effectively increase BMC and BMD, and is more beneficial for reducing the risk of osteoporotic fracture.