RESUMO
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Evaluation of facial movements, especially eyelid movements, per se, depends largely on subjective judgments of trained clinicians. Recently, however, a few objective methods were reported although they required bothersome markers attached on the eyelids and a special-purpose high-speed video camera. This study aimed to develop a new dynamic and quantitative analysis system for eyelid motion using an image processing method without markers or a high-speed camera, and to evaluate parameters that could properly differentiate normal and abnormal states. MATERIALS AND METHOD: The system was consisted of a personal computer with a general-purpose frame grabber and a specially developed software which was named, Blepharokymography. Displacement of upper eyelids, duration of closing and opening segments, and closing and opening velocity were measured in 12 normal subjects and 5 facial nerve palsy patients of variable causes. Mean values of each parameter and the ratio of a palsy or slower side to a normal or faster side in normal and facial palsy groups were compared. RESULTS: In the normal group, the mean displacement of upper eyelids, mean closing time, mean and peak closing velocity were 8.3mm, 161 msec. 61.6 mm/sec and 146.2 mm/sec respectively. Among parameters, displacement, the closing time, mean closing velocity and peak closing velocity were significantly different between normal and facial palsy groups. CONCLUSION: By using blepharokymography system, it was possible to measure the eyelid motion objectively. Displacement, closing time, average and peak closing velocity were useful in differentiating the normal state as well as the facial nerve palsy state.
Assuntos
Humanos , Pálpebras , Nervo Facial , Paralisia Facial , Julgamento , Quimografia , Microcomputadores , ParalisiaRESUMO
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the hemodynamic characteristics of an atherosclerosis-prone coronary artery compared to the aorta. We describe three- dimensional spatial patterns of wall shear stress (WSS) according to the impedance phase angle in pulsatile coronary and aorta models using in vivo hemodynamic parameters and computed numerical simulations both qualitatively and quantitatively. Angiography of coronary arteries and aortas were done to obtain a standard model of vascular geometry. Simultaneously to the physiologic studies, flow-velocity and pressure profiles from in vivo data of the intravascular Doppler and pressure wire studies allowed us to include in vitro numerical simulations. Hemodynamic variables, such as flow-velocity, pressure and WSS in the coronary and aorta models were calculated taking into account the effects of vessel compliance and phase angle between pressure and flow waveforms. We found that there were spatial fluctuations of WSS and in the recirculation areas at the curved outer wall surface of the coronary artery. The mean WSS of the calculated negative phase angle increased in the coronary artery model over that in the aorta model and the phase angle effect was most prominent on the calculated amplitude of WSS of the coronary artery. This study suggests that the rheologic property of coronary circulation, such as the fluctuation of WSS/WSR induces several hemodynamic characteristics. A separation of flow-velocity, a difference in phase between pressure conductance and blood flow and prominent temporal and/or spatial oscillatory fluctuations of the shear forces as a function of pulsatile flow might be important factors in atherogenesis and progression of atherosclerosis.