Pathogenic spectrum of enteroviruses associated with hand, foot and mouth disease by a GeXP™-based multiplex reverse transcription-PCR assay in Jinan, China, 2009-2012 / 病毒学报

We investigated the pathogenic spectrum of enteroviruses associated with hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Jinan, China. A total of 274 specimens with a clinical diagnosis of HFMD in Jinan from 2009 to June 2012 were used. A GenomeLab™ (GeXP)-based multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay was employed to simultaneously detect 15 serotypes of human enteroviruses: human enterovirus (EV)71; coxsackievirus A (CVA)16, 4, 5, 6, 9, and 10; CVB1, 3 and 5; echovirus (Echo) 6, 7, 11, 13 and 19. Results showed that all samples were enterovirus-positive, with the most common serotypes being EV71 (25.18%) and CVA16 (16.06%), followed by CVA10 (14.23%), CVA6 (7.30%), CVB1 (1.09%), Echo6 (0.73%), CVA9 (0.36%), CVB3 (0.36%) and co-infections (5.11%). CVA10 and CVA6 had the third and fourth highest prevalence of pathogens for HFMD, respec- tively. The most prevalent season for CVA10 was from April to August, with a peak in April; for CVA6 it was from April to August, with a peak in June. This is the first report of the pathogenic spectrum of en- teroviruses associated with HFMD in Jinan using the GeXP-based multiplex RT-PCR assay. These data will provide the scientific evidence for the prevention and control of epidemics, as well as therapy for HFMD patients.

Diagnosis of spontaneous isolated superior mesenteric artery dissection using computed tomography angiography / 中华胃肠外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the characteristics of the spontaneous isolated superior mesenteric artery dissection (SISMAD) on computed tomography angiography (CTA).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty-five patients with unexplained acute abdominal pain received CTA.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Four cases with the SISMAD were found and all were male with a mean age of (45.3±6.7) years. Two patients had hypertension history. CT showed enlarged diameter of the superior mesenteric artery with dissection in 4 cases, intimal flap and visible false lumen in 2 cases, ulcer-like laceration in 1 case, and intramural hematoma in 1 case. The proximal lacerations or entries were all at the proximal segment of the superior mesenteric artery. CTA classifications were type Ia (n=2), IIb (n=1), and III (n=1). Two patients underwent repeated CTA when discharged, and progressive changes were discovered.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>CTA can clearly show the characteristics of the superior mesenteric artery dissection, confirm the diagnosis, and provide an important basis for the classification and follow-up observation.</p>

Expression of recombinant human IFNa-2b/IgG4 Fc fusion protein in a baculovirus insect cell system / 中华肝脏病杂志

To investigate a baculovirus insect cell system for expressing an interferon alpha 2b (IFNa2b)/immunoglobulin G-4 (IgG4) Fc fusion protein, which has long-acting antiviral effects. Human IFNa2b and IgG4 Fc cDNAs were generated by molecular cloning and inserted into a baculovirus shuttle vector, which was then transposed into the DH10 Bac strain to form recombinant Bacmid-IFN/Fc. The Bacmid-IFN/Fc was transfected into High five insect cells, and expression of the IFN/Fc fusion protein was detected by Western blotting and its biological activity was assessed by the cytopathic effect inhibition method. The IFNa2b and IgG4 Fc cDNA fragments were successfully amplified by RT-PCR using human peripheral lymphocytes. After cloning into the baculovirus shuttle vector, pFastBac1, and transforming into DH10 Bac competent cells, screening identified positive clones carrying the recombinant Bacmid-IFN/Fc. A Bacmid-IFN/Fc clone was successfully transfected into the High five insect cells and packaged into the baculovirus for expression of the IFN/Fc fusion protein. Western blotting revealed that the fusion protein expression was specific, and yielded a protein of 45 kD in size. The in vitro antiviral activity of the IFN/Fc fusion protein was 580 IU/mL. A novel IFN/Fc fusion protein was successfully generated using a baculovirus insect cell system, which may prove useful for providing future experimental data for development of a new long-acting interferon to treat chronic viral hepatitis.

Risk factors on anemia among rural elderly women aged 50-75 y in Xiuning county, Anhui province,China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To study the risk factors on anemia among elderly women in rural areas of Xiuning county, Anhui province, China. Methods Xiuning county was selected as working field and elderly women aged 50-75y were selected as subjects. Finger hemoglobin (Hb) was measured and basic health survey was face-to-face interviewed. 220 elderly women with anemia entered into the ease group; and matched by age, another 220 women with normal Hb concentration entered the control group. Survey on diet, questionnaire regarding health and lifestyle and related blood indexes were studied and tested. Results When comparing the data from both case and control groups, weight was (49.4±7.3) kg vs. (52.5±8.4) kg (t= 3.97,P<0.01 ), waist circumference was (75.8±7.8) cm vs. (79.1±9.3) cm (t=3.85,P<0.01), BMI was (21.8±2.6) kg/m2 vs. ( 22.9±3.2) kg/m2 (t = 3.775, P< 0.01 ), respectively. The total protein was ( 76.4± 5.0) g/L vs. (78.4±5.6)g/L (t=3.83 ,P<0.01 ), albumin was (45.7±3.1 ) g/L vs. (47.3±2.9)g/L (t=5.24, P<0.01 ), serum iron was ( 10.3±4.1 ) μmol/L vs. ( 12.7±4.6) μmol/L (t=5.48, P<0.01 ), and saturation of transferrin was ( 19.0±7.6)% vs. (23.1±9.1 )% (t=4.90, P<0.01 ), respectively. Results from multifactor conditioned logistic regression analysis showed that the odd ratios (OR) for anemia with staple food, BMI and vitamin A were 1.54, 1.89, 1.69, and the OR for anemia with BMI, staple food, animal food, carbohydrate and vitamin A were 2.0, 1.6, 1.6, 1.4, 1.6, with their confidence intervals (CI) as 1.3-2.9, 1.1-2.3,1.0-2.3,1.0-2.1, 1.1-2.4, respectively. Conclusion The quality of diet, health status and related blood indexes on anemia among elderly women were lower than that in control group. Lower BMI, less staple food and animal food, less carbohydrate and vitamin A intake appeared to be risk factors of anemia.

Risk factors analysis on anemia among rural women aged 50 - 75 years in Huangling county, Shanxi, northwest of China / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the related risk factors of anemia of rural elderly women in Huangling county, Shanxi, northwest of China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Elderly women aged 50-75 years in Huangling (northwest of China) were selected as study objects. Finger hemoglobin (Hb) was measured and basic health survey was face-to-face questioned. Two-hundred anemia elderly women were entered into the case group; and by age-matching, 200 with normal Hb concentration were entered into the control group. Dietary survey, health and lifestyle questionnaire were undertaken, and related blood indexes were tested.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In case and control group, annual income was (446.1 +/- 107.9) vs (903.8 +/- 179.1) yuan (t = 3.06, P < 0.01), daily average physical active time was (9.6 +/- 3.2) vs (10.3 +/- 3.1) hours (t = 1.94, P < 0.05), proportion of experiencing food scarce period was 31.8% vs 22.6% (chi2 = 4.14, P < 0.05), waist circumference was (76.2 +/- 7.3) vs (79.5 +/- 8.9) cm (t = 4.08, P < 0.01), respectively; the total protein was (78.0 +/- 5.8) vs (81.9 +/- 6.0) g/L(t = 5.94, P < 0.01), serum iron was (13.9 +/- 5.7) vs (16.1 +/- 5.0) micromol/L (t = 4.19, P < 0.01), serum ferritin was (94.9 +/- 76.4) vs (116.6 +/- 85.2) microg/L (t = 2.58, P < 0.01), saturation of transferrin was 22.9% +/- 10.0% vs 25.6% +/- 8.7% (t = 3.16, P < 0.01), respectively. Multifactor conditioned logistic regression analysis showed that the odd ratio (OR) for anemia with annual income, whether experiencing food scarce period, daily average physical active time, staple food, soybean products, energy was 0.57, 4.74, 0.06, 0.59, 0.55, 0.65, respectively; their confidence interval (CI) was 0.45 - 0.71, 0.73 - 30.56, 0.01 - 0.52, 0.38 - 0.91, 0.34 - 0.87, 0.44 - 0.98, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The quality of diet, health status and related blood indexes in anemia elderly women were lower than those in control group; lower income, less active time, less staple food, soybean products and energy intake should be risk factors of anemia.</p>

Blood lipid profile and prevalence of dyslipidemia in Chinese adults / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the plasma lipid levels in a national representative sample of subjects and to determine the prevalence of dyslipidemia in the Chinese population.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Plasma lipid profile was analyzed using the data obtained during the Chinese national nutrition and health survey (CNHS) in 2002 which involved 14 252 participants at the age of 18 years or older.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The mean levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in the participants were 3.81 mmol/L, 1.10 mmol/L, and 1.30 mmol/L, respectively. In the groups of participants at the age of 18-44 years, 45-59 years, and over 60 years the mean TC level was 3.70 mmol/L, 4.09 mmol/L and 4.21 mmol/L, respectively, and the mean TG level was 07 mmol/L, 1.21 mmol/L, 1.20 mmol/L, 1.29 mmol/L, 1.33 mmol/L, and 1.33 mmol/L, respectively. The prevalence of dyslipidemia in Chinese adults was 18.6% and 22.2% in males and 15.9% in females. Dyslipidemia prevalence was higher in urban districts than in rural areas (21.0% vs. 17.7%). The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL cholesterol was 2.9%, 11.9%, and 7.4% respectively among the participants.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Dyslipidemia has become one of the important health risk factors in the Chinese population. There is no significantly difference in the prevalence of dyslipidemia between the groups of participants at the age of 45-59 years and over 60 years. This study provides important lipid profile data for policy making and guideline development for the prevention of dyslipidemia in the Chinese population.</p>

Study on diabetes prevalence in urban China / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To describe the status of diabetic mellitus (DM) prevalence and fast blood glucose level among urban population in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>All 16 511 subjects, from households participating in dietary survey, aged over 20 years, were randomly sampled from 44 urban sites in 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities. The diagnosis of DM was based mainly on fast plasma glucose concentration, combining with oral glucose tolerance test and the survey of previous diabetic mellitus diagnosis in local hospitals.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The DM prevalence in big cities was 6.13%, 6.08% for male and 6.30% for female. The DM prevalence was 1.07%, 2.72%, 6.50%, 11.62%, 17.36%, 18.32% and 10.06% for 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 years age groups and the fast plasma glucose levels were (4.74 +/- 0.90) mmol/L, (4.93 +/- 1.03) mmol/L, (5.12 +/- 1.47) mmol/L, (5.42 +/- 1.76) mmol/L, (5.63 +/- 1.88) mmol/L, (5.70 +/- 2. 07) mmol/L, and (5.24 +/- 1.10) mmol/L respectively. The DM prevalence in medium small cities was 3.78%, 3.98% for male and 3.63% for female. The DM prevalence was 0.41%, 1.38%, 3.41%, 9. 4%, 12.56%, 11.23% and 5.56% for 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 years age groups, and the fast plasma glucose level was (4. 68 +/- 0.58) mmol/L, (4.82 +/- 0.74) mmol/L, (4.99 +/- 1.04) mmol/L, (5.31 +/- 1.55) mmol/L, (5.49 +/- 1.73) mmol/L, (5.39 +/- 1.62) mmol/L, (5.22 +/- 1.30) mmol/L respectively in small and medium cities.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>For DM and fast plasma glucose level, the effects of increasing with the age should be very obvious either in big cities or medium and small cities. The DM prevalence rate in middle aged and elderly groups should be significantly higher than that in young population. The DM prevalence of each group in big cities is higher than that in medium and small cities.</p>

The plasma lipids level in adults among different areas in China / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study plasma total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels of Chinese adults among different areas in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Analysis of fasting plasma lipid in 49,252 subjects aged 18 years and above was made.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The mean TC, TG and HDL-C were 3.81 mmol/L, 1.10 mmol/L and 1.30 mmol/L, respectively. The mean TC, TG and HDL-C is 3.96 mmol/L, 1.16 mmol/L, 1.30 mmol/L in adults in urban and 3.75 mmol/L, 1.07 mmol/L and 1.30 mmol/L in adults in rural areas. In age groups of 18 - 44 years, 45 - 59 years and 60 years above, the mean values were 3.70 mmol/L, 4.09 mmol/L, 4.21 mmol/L for TC; 1.07 mmol/L, 1.21 mmol/L, 1.20 mmol/L for TG; and 1.29 mmol/L, 1.33 mmol/L, 1.33 mmol/L for HDL-C.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The results of this study might provide the national representative data of plasma lipid level. TC and TG levels of adults in urban might be higher than those adults in rural. With increasing of age, the plasma TC level should be increased. There is no significant difference in TG levels between the adults aged 45-49 years and over 60 years, while the TG level of both age groups should be higher than those of adults aged 18-44 years.</p>

Epidemiologic characteristics of dyslipidemia in people aged 18 years and over in China / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the difference in prevalence of dyslipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia and low blood high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) between the residents of urban and rural areas of varied regions in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Fasting plasma levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride and HDL-C were determined with the enzyme methods for 49,252 subjects aged 18 and over during August to December, 2002.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Prevalence of dyslipidemia in Chinese adults aged 18 and over was 18.6%, with 17.0%, 22.9% and 23.4% in the groups of 18-44, 45-59 and over 60 years old, respectively, 22.2% and 15.9% in males and females, respectively, and 21.0% and 17.7% in urban and rural areas, respectively. Prevalence of hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia and low blood HDL-C in those aged 18 and over was 2.9%, 11.9% and 7.4%, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Dyslipidemia has become one of important risk factors threatening health of Chinese people, with hypertriglyceridemia and low blood HDL-C as two major types in those aged 18 and over. Prevalence of dyslipidemia was nearly the same in the middle-aged and in the elderly people, and not significantly different in those living in urban areas from those in rural areas. It is very important to pay more attention to earlier comprehensive prevention and control of dyslipidemia.</p>

Validation of lipids on body mass index reference recommended by Obesity Working Group, International Life Science Association of China / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To assess the relationship between overweight, obesity and blood lipid profiles of children and adolescents and to validate body mass index (BMI) cutoff points for overweight and obesity screening to Chinese children and adolescents, recommended by Working Group of Obesity, China (WGOC), International Life Science Association.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>2293 children and adolescents (1124 males and 1169 females), aged between 10 and 18 years, were randomly selected as samples from 6 schools in Beijing area. Fasting serum lipids including total cholesterol (TC), total triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), thropometrical index as weight and height were measured. BMI equals to weight in kilograms were then divided by the square of height in meters.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>According to BMI cutoff points recommended by WGOC, samples fell into 3 groups including normal group (BMI < 85 percentiles), overweight group (BMI >or= 85 and < 95 percentiles) and obesity group (BMI >or= 95 percentiles). Results clearly showed an increase of both serum TC and TG and a decrease of HDLC when BMI was increasing, among most age groups regardless of sex difference and the difference among BMI groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Results of this study indicated that there was an obvious dose-effect relationship between BMI and lipid profiles which accounted for some rationality of the BMI cutoff points recommended by WGOC. The authors reckoned the findings important to managing relevant adult diseases during childhood, in China.</p>

Effects of red palm oil on serum lipids and plasma carotenoids level in Chinese male adults / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Effects of red palm oil on major plasma carotenoids, tocopherol, retinol and serum lipids were evaluated when used in Chinese diet.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Red palm oil group (RPO) composed of 20 male subjects(aged 18-32) and soybean oil group (SBO) composed of 22 male subjects (aged 18-32). Dietary fat provided about 28% of total calories, and the test oil accounted for about 60% of total dietary fat. In the 3 weeks of pretest period, diets were prepared with soybean oil, and then in the next 6 weeks subjects in each group consumed the diet prepared by test oil.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Plasma alpha-carotene, beta-carotene and lycopene concentration of RPO group significantly increased at the time of interim (21 days) and of the end (42 days) (P < 0.05), and alpha-tocopherol concentration significantly increased at the time of the end (42 days) in this study. Though Chinese plasma retinol level was relatively low when compared with that of Westerners, red palm oil diet showed no significant effect on adult Chinese plasma retinol level. Serum concentration of total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein AI and apolipoprotein B of all subjects showed no significant changes in RPO group during the study.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The data in our study suggest that red palm oil is a good source of carotenoids and vitamin E when used in Chinese diet preparation, and it can significantly increase plasma concentration of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lycopene and alpha-tocopherol.</p>