Roles of Langerhans cells in psoriasis / 中华皮肤科杂志

Langerhans cells (LC) are important immune cells with antigen-presenting functions in the epidermis. After maturation and activation in an inflammatory state, LC can migrate to local lymph nodes and activate initial T cells to initiate the immune response. Recent studies on the role of LC in pathogenesis of psoriasis have shown that LC play both pro- and anti-inflammatory roles. Studies on the origin of LC have shown that two subsets of LC exert pro- and anti-inflammatory effects respectively, and participate in different immune response processes, which may be related to immune abnormalities in psoriasis. This review systematically elaborates research advances in the role of LC in psoriasis.

Clinical application value of transvaginal ultrasonography in the diagnosis of intrauterine adhesions / 中国基层医药

Objective To explore the clinical application of transvaginal ultrasonography in the diagnosis of intrauterine adhesions .Methods 95 patients with suspected intrauterine adhesions were selected as the study subjects.All patients were treated with vaginal two -dimensional,three-dimensional ultrasound,and the results and hysteroscopy results were compared .The sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value ,negative predictive value and accuracy of two -dimensional and three -dimensional ultrasonography were analyzed .Results Of 95 cases with suspected intrauterine adhesions ,vaginal two -dimensional ultrasound diagnosed 54 cases of intrauterine adhesions , including 30 cases of mild adhesion ,18 cases of moderate adhesion ,6 cases of severe adhesion ,22 cases of missed diagnosis or misdiagnosis.Compared with hysteroscopy ,the difference was statistically significant (χ2 =12.213,P=0.007).Three -dimensional ultrasound diagnosed intrauterine adhesions in 63 cases,including 20 cases of mild adhesion ,35 cases of moderate adhesion ,8 cases of severe adhesion ,only 7 cases of missed diagnosis or misdiagnosis . Compared with hysteroscopy ,the difference was not statistically significant (χ2 =0.630,P=0.889),suggested that the diagnosis of vaginal three -dimensional ultrasound and hysteroscopy results was consistent , and vginal three -dimensional ultrasound was superior than two -dimensional ultrasound , the difference was statistically significant (χ2 =8.848,P=0.003).The sensitivity of transvaginal two -dimensional ultrasonography in diagnosis of intrauterine adhesions was 67.65％,which of three-dimensional ultrasound was 89.71％,there was statistically significant differ-ence between the two groups (χ2 =9.861,P=0.002).The specificity of two-dimensional ultrasound was 70.37％, which of three-dimensional ultrasound was 92.59％,there was significant difference between the two groups (χ2 =4.418,P=0.036).The positive predictive value of two -dimensional ultrasound was 85.19％,which of three -dimensional ultrasound was 96.83％,there was statistically significant difference between the two groups (χ2 =5.040, P=0.025).The negative predictive value of two -dimensional ultrasound was 46.34％,which of three-dimensional ultrasound was 78.13％, there was statistically significant difference between the two groups (χ2 =7.583, P =0.006).The diagnostic accuracy of two -dimensional ultrasound was 68.42％,which of three -dimensional ultra-sound was 90.53％,there was statistically significant difference between the two groups (χ2 =14.228,P=0.000). Conclusion Transvaginal three-dimensional ultrasound in diagnosis of intrauterine adhesions is more accurate than two-dimensional ultrasound , and the result is consistent with hysteroscopy .Transvaginal three -dimensional ultra-sound can be used as the preferred method of intrauterine adhesions .