RESUMO
El objetivo del estudio fue identificar el origen y estudiar la dinámica de la reinfestación por Triatoma infestans ocurrida después de rociar con deltametrina el domicilio y peridomicilio de 94 casas de tres comunidades rurales el noroeste argentino. La efectividad del rociamiento se evaluó inmediatamente después y al segundo mes de rociar las viviendas. Además, se detectaron y rociaron 5 focos residuales peridomiciliarios y 3 preexistentes que no habían sido rociados. Para monitorizar la reinfestación, se colocaron biosensores en los domicilios, se solicitó a cada familia que capturase triatominos y los guardara en bolsas de plástico, y se buscaron triatominos en domicilios y peridomicilios usando un aerosol para desalojar a los insectos de sus refugios. Solo se realizaron rociamientos selectivos donde se encontró alguna colonia de T. infestans. Durante 30 meses de seguimiento, el porcentaje de casas donde se capturó algún T. infestans osciló entre 3% y 9%. En 6 casas se capturaron T. infestans en más de una evaluación. El número de peridomicilios infestados (19) fue el doble que el de domicilios (9). Solo se detectaron colonias de T. infestans en peridomicilios. La cifra de T. infestans capturados en peridomicilios fue seis veces más alta que la de los domicilios. Las gallinas fueron el hospedador más frecuentemente asociado con los focos peridomiciliarios. El peridomicilio constituyó el origen y la principal fuente de reinfestación. Para reducir la velocidad de reinfestación y la frecuencia de rociamientos es preciso combinar medidas de manejo ambiental y control químico en los peridomicilios: reducir los refugios para triatominos; restringir la cría de aves a estructuras no colonizables por triatominos; aplicar un insecticida menos degradable por agentes climáticos o realizar un segundo rociamiento de 6 a 12 meses después del primero, y emplear un dispositivo para detectar tempranamente la presencia de T. infestans en peridomicilios
The purpose of this study was to identify the origin of Triatoma infestans reinfestation and study its dynamics following spraying with deltamethrin inside and around 94 houses in three rural communities in northwestern Argentina. The effectiveness of the spraying was evaluated immediately after the houses were sprayed and two months later. In addition, five residual peridomiciliary foci were found and sprayed, as well as three preexisting ones that had not been sprayed. To monitor reinfestation, biosensors were placed in the houses and each family was also asked to capture triatomines and keep them in plastic bags; in addition, triatomines were searched for in and around houses, using an aerosol that dislodged them from their hiding places. Selective sprayings were carried out only where a colony of T. infestans was found. During the 30 months of follow-up, the percentage of houses in which any T. infestans were captured varied between 3% and 9%. In six houses, T. infestans were captured during more than one evaluation. The number of peridomiciliary areas found to be infested (19) was double the number of infested houses (9). Colonies of T. infestans were found only in the peridomiciliary areas, where the number of T. infestans captured was six times higher than in the houses. Chickens were the host most frequently associated with peridomiciliary foci. This area was the origin and principal source of reinfestation. To reduce the speed of reinfestation and the frequency with which sprayings are needed, the following environmental and chemical control methods must be combined in the peridomiciliary area: reduce the number of hiding places of triatomines; restrict the raising of birds to structures that cannot be colonized by triatomines; apply an insecticide that is less likely to be degraded by exposure to the elements, or perform a second spraying 6 to 12 months after the first; and employ a device for early detection of the presence of T. infestans around houses.