Associações entre Obesidade Eutrófica e Alterações no Perfil Lipídico de Adultos Jovens / Associations between Normal-Weight Obesity and Disturbances in the Lipid Profile of Young Adults

Resumo Fundamento A obesidade eutrófica (OE) é caracterizada por índice de massa corporal (IMC) normal, mas com alto percentual de gordura corporal (%GC), o que aumenta os riscos de comorbidades cardiometabólicas. A avaliação e interpretação precisas dos dados de composição corporal são necessárias para reduzir esses riscos. Objetivos Comparar o perfil cardiometabólico de indivíduos com OE e %GC normal e avaliar os fatores de risco associados. Métodos Foi realizado estudo transversal com 222 adultos brasileiros de uma comunidade universitária, dos quais 157 tinham OE e 65 tinham IMC e %GC normais (grupo sem OE). Todos os participantes relataram ser assintomáticos e sem problemas de saúde subjacentes. Foram avaliadas características socioeconômicas, estilo de vida, consumo alimentar, antropometria, medidas de composição corporal (por meio de absorciometria radiológica de dupla energia) e perfis lipídico e glicêmico. Valor de p < 0,05 foi estabelecido como significativo. Resultados A mediana de idade dos participantes foi de 23 anos (intervalo interquartil: 21 a 25), sendo a maioria do sexo feminino (67,1%). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas na pressão arterial, idade ou nível de atividade física entre os grupos com e sem OE. No entanto, a frequência de distúrbios do perfil lipídico foi maior no grupo com OE (54%) em comparação com o grupo sem OE (34%) (p < 0,006). Circunferência do pescoço, %GC e distúrbios do perfil lipídico foram positivamente associados com a OE. Conclusão Indivíduos com OE apresentam pior perfil cardiometabólico do que aqueles sem OE, e essa condição está associada a importantes biomarcadores. Torna-se importante abordar esses resultados para prevenir complicações cardiometabólicas de longo prazo. A avaliação e a interpretação precisas dos dados da composição corporal, independentemente do IMC, são cruciais nesse cenário.

Abstract Background Normal-weight obesity (NWO) is characterized by normal body mass index (BMI) but high body fat percentage (%BF) that increases the risks of cardiometabolic comorbidities. Accurate assessment and interpretation of body composition data are necessary to reduce these risks. Objectives To compare the cardiometabolic profile of individuals with NWO and normal %BF and evaluate the associated risk factors. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with 222 Brazilian adults from a university community, of whom 157 had NWO and 65 had normal BMI and %BF (non-NWO). All participants reported being asymptomatic and without underlying health conditions. Socioeconomic, lifestyle, food intake, anthropometry, body composition measures (using dual-energy radiological absorptiometry), and lipid and glycemic profiles were evaluated. A p < 0.05 was established as significant. Results The median age of the participants was 23 years (interquartile range: 21 to 25), and most were female (67.1%). No significant differences were found in blood pressure, age, or physical activity levels between the NWO and non-NWO groups. However, the frequency of lipid profile disturbances was higher in the NWO group (54%) compared to the non-NWO group (34%) (p < 0.006). Neck circumference, %BF, and lipid profile disturbances were positively associated with NWO. Conclusion Individuals with NWO have a worse cardiometabolic profile than those without NWO, and this condition is associated with important biomarkers. Addressing these outcomes is important for preventing long-term cardiometabolic complications. Accurate assessment and interpretation of body composition data, regardless of BMI, are crucial in this scenario.

Poor Trunk Flexibility is Associated with Cardiovascular Risk Factors

Abstract Background: Poor flexibility is a predictor of reduced physical activity. The association between trunk flexibility and cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) is not well understood. Objective: To identify the prevalence of CVRFs and their association with trunk flexibility in individuals participating in a community-based health education program. Methods: Volunteers (51 men, 48 women) aged 20-85 years old, participants in a community-based health education program in the city of Santo Antônio de Goiás, Brazil, were selected for this study. Anthropometric measures including body mass, height, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist/height ratio (WHtR) were evaluated. Physical activity level was evaluated based on leisure activity participation, and trunk flexibility was evaluated by the sit and reach test. Data distribution was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test; Pearson's chi-square or Fisher's exact and Student t tests were performed for comparisons. To analyze the association between trunk flexibility and concomitant CVRFs, Spearman's correlation test and linear regression were employed. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05. Results: 7.2% of the volunteers had no CVRF, 10.3% had only one CVRF and 82.5% had two or more CVRFs, with no differences between sexes. Increased abdominal adiposity, as assessed by WHtR (p = 0.0097), and systemic arterial hypertension (p = 0.0003) were the most prevalent CVRFs, with differences between age groups. A strong negative correlation was found between mean trunk flexibility and the number of concomitant CVRFs (r = -0.96, p < 0.0028). Conclusion: The strong negative correlation between trunk flexibility and concomitant CVRF indicates an increased risk for cardiovascular events. Therefore, trunk flexibility measurement may be an additional tool for health promotion and prevention of cardiovascular and associated diseases in community health programs.

Polymorphisms in PPARG and APOE: relationships with lipid profile of adolescents with cardiovascular risk factors

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular diseases constitute the main death cause worldwide resulting from a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors, and the prevalence among younger individuals has increased. It is important to early identify changes in lipid profile and the influence of genetic variations in specific genes on the individual patterns of lipid profile. Thus, the aim of this study was to verify the relationship of polymorphisms in PPAR-gamma gene (PPARG−rs1801282−Pro12Ala) and in apolipoprotein E gene (APOE−rs429358 + rs7412, determinants of the APOE2, APOE3, or APOE4 genotypes) with lipid profile of adolescents under cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study with 115 adolescents aged 10­19 years, which presented cardiovascular risk factors. The students were evaluated regarding socioeconomic, anthropometric, biochemical, genetic, and dietetic variables. Student'sttest or Mann-Whitney test were applied to the analysis of the genotypes. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to determine the variables that most influenced the lipid profile. RESULTS: Adolescents carrying PPARG Ala allele showed higher serum triglycerides (p= 0.0423) and very low-density lipoprotein (p= 0.0410) levels when compared to those carrying the wild genotype. For the APOE polymorphism, it was observed a trend of higher triglycerides (p= 0.0712) and very low-density lipoprotein (p= 0.0758) levels in the adolescents carrying the E4 allele when compared to those who did not carry this allele. CONCLUSION: The polymorphisms PPARGrs1801282 andAPOErs429358 + rs7412 seem to be related to the development of lipid profile alterations in adolescents.

Brazilian Society for Food and Nutrition position statement: nutrigenetic tests

Position statement: The Brazilian Society for Food and Nutrition (SBAN) bases the following position statement on acritical analysis of the literature on nutritional genomics and nutrigenetic tests: (1) Nutrigenetic tests are predictive and not diagnostic, should not replace other evaluations required to treatment, and should only be used as an additional tool to nutritional prescription; (2) Nutritionists/registered dietitians and other health professionals must be able to interpret the nutrigenetic tests and properly guide their patients, as well as build their professional practice ongeneral ethical principles and those established by regulatory authorities; (3) It is extremely important to highlight that them is interpretation of nutrigenetic tests can cause psychological and health problems to the patient; (4) Currently, there is insufficient scientific evidence for the recommendation of dietary planning and nutritional supplementation based only on nutrigenetic tests. This position statement has been externally reviewed and approved by the board of SBAN and has not gone through the journal's standard peer review process.

Fatores de risco cardiovascular e consumo alimentar em cadetes da Academia da Força Aérea Brasileira / Cardiovascular risk factors and food consumption of cadets from the Brazilian Air Force Academy

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é investigar a prevalência de fatores de risco cardiovascular e inadequações de consumo alimentar em cadetes da Academia da Força Aérea Brasileira e a associação com sexo e ano de formação. Estudo transversal com 166 cadetes da Academia da Força Aérea Brasileira, em Pirassununga – SP, entre junho e dezembro de 2013. Foram avaliadas medidas antropométricas, parâmetros bioquímicos e clínicos, nível de atividade física, tabagismo e consumo alimentar. Testes de Qui-Quadrado de Pearson ou Exato de Fisher foram utilizados. A prevalência de excesso de peso (IMC >25,0 kg/m2) foi de 29,7% nos homens e de 16,7% nas mulheres. Hipertensão arterial foi prevalente em 15,2% dos homens. Verificou-se hipercolesterolemia em 50,7% dos cadetes; 24,3% apresentaram valores elevados de lipoproteína de baixa densidade e, 11,2%, lipoproteína de alta densidade baixa. Houve associação entre tempo de permanência na Academia e lipoproteína de alta densidade baixa. Observou-se consumo elevado de gorduras saturadas (87,2%) e de colesterol (42,7%). A ingestão inadequada de fibras foi verificada em 92,7% da amostra. Observou-se considerável prevalência de fatores de risco cardiovascular entre os cadetes, principalmente hipercolesterolemia e consumo alimentar inadequado.

Abstract This article aims to investigate the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and food intake inadequacies in cadets from the Brazilian Air Force Academy and the association with sex and year of graduation. Cross-sectional study with 166 adult cadets from the Air Force Academy, placed in Pirassununga – SP, from June to December 2013. Anthropometric measures, biochemical and clinical parameters, physical activity level, smoking habit and food intake were evaluated. Pearson’s Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests were used. Overweight prevalence (BMI > 25.0 kg/m2) was 29.7% in men and 16.7% in women. Hypertension was observed in 15.2% of men. Hypercholesterolemia was detected in 50.7% of the cadets; 24.3% presented high levels of low-density lipoprotein and 11.2%, low levels of high-density lipoprotein. There was association between the time spent in the Academy and low levels of high-density lipoprotein. High intake of saturated fat (87.2%) and cholesterol (42.7%) were observed. Inadequate intake of fibers was verified in 92.7% of the sample. There was considerable prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among the cadets, especially hypercholesterolemia and inadequate food intake.

Considerações sobre estresse oxidativo, selênio e nutrigenética / Considerations about oxidative stress, selenium and nutrigenetics

Appropriate amounts of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are essential to many cellular functions. However, when present in amounts higher than those of the antioxidant system they can promote damages to a great deal of molecules such as DNA, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids, which in turnimpair the normal cellular functions. Selenium, discovered by Berzeliusin 1817, had its essentiality established when its role at the active site of glutathione peroxidase was determined. Its functions are completely related to the selenoproteins, and several of them present antioxidant activity, while others are related to the metabolism of some specific organs. Lately, great advances in the molecular biology area have succeeded and the study of metabolic and nutritional aspects is more and more linked to the genotypic individual characteristics. In Nutrition, the identification of polymorphisms at genes that encode proteins involved in the metabolism of nutrients is of great interest. Studies have shown that polymorphisms in genes codifying selenoproteins, such as glutathione peroxidases and selenoprotein P, seem to interfere with selenium biomarkers, and therefore in the susceptibility to certain diseases. The aim of this work was to summarize the major information related to oxidative stress and to the essential mineral selenium,with emphasis on its antioxidant role, as well as to highlight some singlenucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) linked to this mineral and the possible interaction with its metabolism and functions and to the oxidative stressstatus.

En bajas concentraciones, especies reactivas de oxígeno y nitrógeno son esenciales para diversas funciones celulares. Sin embargo, en concentraciones elevadas o superiores a las de antioxidantes, estas especies reactivas pueden promover daños a varias moléculas, entre las cuales el ADN, proteínas, carbohidratos y lípidos, perjudicando las funciones celulares normales. El selenio, descubierto en 1817 por Berzelius, tuvo su esencialidad demostrada con la comprobación de su participación en el sitio activo de la enzima glutatión peroxidasa. Sus funciones están directamente relacionadas con las selenoproteínas, siendo que gran parte de ellas presentan funciones antioxidantes y otras están comprometidas en el metabolismo de ciertos órganos. A partir de los progresos verificados en el área de la biología molecularen las últimas décadas, el estudio de aspectos metabólicos y nutricionales está cada vez más relacionándose con las características genotípicas de los individuos. En Nutrición, la identificación de polimorfismo en genes que codifican proteínas implicadas en el metabolismo de los nutrientes es muy importante. Los estudioshan demostrado que polimorfismo identificado en los genes que codifican selenoproteínas como la glutatión peroxidasa y la selenoproteína P parece interferir en el comportamiento de los biomarcadores del selenio y por lo tanto, en la susceptibilidad a determinadas enfermedades. El objetivo de este estudio fue resumir las principales informaciones relacionadas al estrésoxidativo y al mineral selenio, con énfasis en su función antioxidante, así como destacar algunos polimorfismos de nucleótido único(SNPs) en relación con este mineral y las posibles interacciones con su metabolismo y funciones, por lo tanto, también con el estrés oxidativo

Em baixas concentrações, espécies reativas de oxigênio e de nitrogênio são essenciais para diversas funções celulares. Entretanto, em quantidades elevadas ou superiores aos níveis de compostos antioxidantes, estas espécies reativas podem promover danos adiversas moléculas, dentre as quais ao DNA, a proteínas, a carboidratos e a lipídios, o que por sua vez, prejudica as funções celulares normais. O selênio, descoberto em 1817 por Berzelius, teve sua essencialidade comprovada quando se verificou sua participação no sítio ativo da enzima glutationa peroxidase. Suas funções estão diretamente relacionadas às selenoproteínas, sendo que grande parte delas apresenta ação antioxidante e outras participam no metabolismo de determinados órgãos. A partir dos avanços verificados na área da biologiamolecular nas últimas décadas, o estudo de aspectos metabólicos e nutricionais está cada vez mais relacionado às características genotípicas dos indivíduos. Em Nutrição, a identificação de polimorfismos em genes que codificam proteínas envolvidas com o metabolismo de nutrientes é de extrema importância. Estudos vêm demonstrando que polimorfismos identificados em genes que codificam selenoproteínas, como as glutationas peroxidases e a selenoproteína P, parecem interferir no comportamento de biomarcadores relativos ao selênio e, portanto, na suscetibilidade a determinadas doenças. O objetivo do trabalho foi sintetizar as principais informações referentes ao estresse oxidativo e ao mineral selênio, com ênfase em sua função antioxidante, bem como destacar alguns polimorfismos de nucleotídeos únicos (SNPs) relacionados a este mineral e a possível interação com seu metabolismo e funções e, portanto, também com o estresse oxidativo.

Efeitos da suplementação com castanha-do-brasil (Bertholletia excelsa H. B. K. ) sobre o estresse oxidativo em mulheres obesas e sua relação com o polimorfismo Pro198Leu no gene da glutationa peroxidase 1 / Effects of the supplementation with Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa H. B. K. ) on the oxidative stress in obese women and its relation with the Pro198Leu polimorphism in the glutathione peroxidase 1 gene

Indivíduos obesos apresentam níveis elevados de estresse oxidativo quando comparados com controles de peso eutrófico. Isto pode ser atribuído a uma série de fatores, com destaque para a ingestão reduzida de substâncias antioxidantes. Outro aspecto a ser considerado é a presença de polimorfismos em genes que codificam para enzimas antioxidantes, como é o caso do Pro198Leu no gene da enzima glutationa peroxidase 1 (GPx 1). Portanto, este trabalho teve como objetivos estudar as relações entre obesidade, marcadores de estresse oxidativo e o polimorfismo Pro198Leu no gene da GPx1, além de verificar as respostas destes parâmetros à ingestão de castanhas-do-brasil como fonte de selênio (Se). Participaram do estudo 37 mulheres em idade reprodutiva, que não apresentavam diabetes mellitus, doenças da tireóide; não ingeriam suplementos de minerais e vitaminas, medicamentos para redução de peso ou hipolipemiantes, e não eram tabagistas. Foram utilizados os seguintes marcadores bioquímicos: concentrações de Se plasmático, eritrocitário e nas unhas; atividade eritrocitária total da GPx; concentrações urinárias de 8-isoprostanos; concentrações plasmática de TBARS; avaliação de danos em DNA; perfil lipídico sérico; além da determinação dos genótipos relativos àquele polimorfismo. Cada unidade de castanha forneceu, em média, 290 µg do mineral. Na fase pré-suplementação, 100 por cento das pacientes estavam deficientes em Se. As concentrações eritrocitárias (60,5±22,6 x 205,9±42,0 µg/L; p=0.000) e plasmáticas (55,7±13,3 x 132,5±34,9 µg/L; p=0.000) deste mineral aumentaram significativamente na fase pós-suplementação. O mesmo perfil foi observado para a atividade eritrocitária total de GPx (36,6±17,1 x 53,6±20,4 U/gHb; p=0.000) e para as concentrações plasmáticas de TBARS (5,0±3,7 x 7,6±3,3 µmol/L; p=0.000)...

Obese subjects present high oxidative stress levels when compared to those with normal weight. This characteristic can be attributed to several factors, mainly the low intake of antioxidant compounds. Another aspect to be taken into account is the presence of polimorphisms in genes of antioxidant enzymes, such as the Pro198Leu in the glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1) gene. The objectives of this work were to study the relations among obesity, oxidative stress markers, and the GPx1 Pro198Leu polymorphism, and to verify the responses of these parameters to the intake of Brazil nuts as a selenium (Se) source. Thirty seven women in reproductive age have participated in the study. They did not present diabetes mellitus, thyroid diseases, intake of vitamins and minerals supplements, medicines for weight loss or for cholesterol levels management, and smoking habit. The following biochemical markers were determined: plasma, erythrocyte and nails Se concentrations; total erythrocyte GPx activity, urine 8-isoprostanes concentration; plasma TBARS concentration; DNA damage; serum lipid profile; and genotyping of the polymorphism. Each unit of Brazil nut was estimated to provide ≈ 290 µg of Se. In the pre-supplementation phase, 100 percent of the subjects presented Se deficiency. The erythrocyte (60.5±22.6 x 205.9±42.0 µg/L; p=0.000) and plasma (55.7±13.3 x 132.5±34.9 µg/L; p=0.000) concentrations of this mineral had presented a significant raise in the post-supplementation phase. The same profile was observed for the GPx activity (36.6±17.1 x 53.6±20.4 U/gHb; p=0.000) and for the plasma TBARS (5.0±3.7 x 7.6±3.3 µmol/L; p=0.000) concentrations. There were no significant changes in the urinary 8-isoprostanes (25.1±14.2 x 21.8±15.6 ng/mmol creat.) concentration. The same pattern was observed in relation to the DNA damage levels (77.3±21.6 x 72.2±28.1 µm)...