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Background: Androgen insensitivity syndrome refers to an inability of the body to respond properly to male sex hormones (androgens) produced during pregnancy. This occurs because of a change (mutation) in a gene involved in the production of the protein inside cells that receives the androgen hormone and instructs the cells in how to use it. This is a genetic disorder that makes XY foetuses insensitive (unresponsive) to androgens, they are born looking externally like normal girls and Internally, there is a short blind pouch vagina and no uterus, fallopian tube or ovaries. There are testes in the abdomen or in the inguinal canal. The CAIS is usually detected at puberty when a girl should but does not begin to menstruate. They are at high risk of osteoporosis so should take oestrogen replacement therapy. Case Report: PAIS results in micropenis with hypospadias and gynaecomastia. We report this rare case of 18yr old female patient with primary amenorrhea. Subsequent investigation including karyotyping revealed that the patient is phenotypically female but genotypically male with testes. Gonadectomy was done with proper counselling and patient was put on hormonal replacement replacement therapy.
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Aim: To study variations in dimensions and external morphology of cadaveric gall bladder.Materials and methods: This study was undertaken on 60 cadaveric liver and gall bladder specimens in theDepartment of Anatomy at Rajarajeswari Medical College and Hospital. The parameters which were measuredare length and breadth at the level of neck, body & fundus of Gall bladder using the measuring tape. The shapeand external variations were noted.Results: Gall bladder had length ranging between 6 and 10cm, breadth at the level of neck, body & fundus rangingbetween 1 to 2cm, 2 to 3.5cm, 2.5 to 3.5cm respectively. The commonest shape observed in this study was pearshaped.Conclusion: Variations in morphology of gall bladder are commonly encountered during radiological investigationsand in operation theatres. Prior knowledge of morphology and morphometry of gall bladder is of utmostimportance to the radiologists & laparoscopic surgeons
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Background: Pulmonary fissures are invaginations of the visceral pleura that extend from the outer surface of thelung into its substance. The fissures are grouped into normal and accessory fissures . The oblique fissure andhorizontal fissures are the normal pulmonary fissures which may be complete, incomplete or absent. Incompletepulmonary fissures are considered to be markers of collateral ventilation. They play a significant role indetermining clinical response following valve replacement surgery in emphysematous patients. The Accessoryfissures occurring within an individual lobe may be confused with other lesions such as linear atelectasis,pleural scar. Knowledge of the variations in the pulmonary fissures is useful for clinical interpretation. It is inthis regards that this study was undertaken to assess the morphology of pulmonary fissures.Materials and methods: The study was conducted on 60 formalin preserved adult human lungs (32 right, 28 left)of unknown age and sex obtained during dissection of embalmed cadavers for undergraduate teaching inDepartment of Anatomy, Rajarajeswari medical college and hospital. The anatomical classification proposed byCraig and Walker is followed to determine the completeness of pulmonary fissures . Four grades of fissures havebeen described. Grade 1- complete fissure with entirely separate lobes. Grade 2- complete visceral cleft butparenchymal fusion at the base of the fissure. Grade 3 - visceral cleft evident for a part of the fissure. Grade 4 -complete fusion of lobes with no evident fissure line. The data was tabulated and analysed using descriptivestatistics. The study was undertaken after obtaining approval from the institutional ethics committee.Results: Oblique fissure was incomplete in 13.33% of the right lungs while horizontal fissure was found to beincomplete in 30% of the right lungs. Horizontal fissure was found to be absent in 2 (3.33%) of the right lungs. Asuperior accessory fissure in the lower lobe separating the upper part of the lobe from the rest of the basalsegments was found in one right lung .Conclusions: The present study shows that the horizontal fissure is more frequently incomplete or absent whencompared to the oblique fissure in the right lung. Superior accessory fissure in the lower lobe of a right lung wasobserved in 1 (1.66%) specimen. Knowledge of the varying degrees of completeness of pulmonary fissures andaccessory fissures is essential to avoid misinterpretation of radiological signs