Formation and changes of regulated trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids in raw water of Yangtze River, Huangpu River and different treatment processes and pipelines network / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To investigate the pollutant levels of regulated disinfection by-products trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) in raw water from the Huangpu River, the Yangtze River and different treatment processes and finished water, and to explore the changes tendency in transmission and distribution pipeline network.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 65 ml water samples with two replicates were collected from different raw water, corresponding treatment processes, finished water and six national surveillance points in main network of transmission and distribution, water source for A water plant and B, C water plant was the Huangpu River and the Yangtze River, respectively. Regulated THMs and HAAs above water samples were detected by gas chromatography.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The total trihalomethanes (THM(4)) concentration in different treatment processes of A water plant was ND-9.64 µg/L, dichlorobromomethane was the highest (6.43 µg/L). The THM(4) concentration in B and C water plant was ND to 38.06 µg/L, dibromochloromethane (12.24 µg/L) and bromoform (14.07 µg/L) were the highest in the B and the C water plant respectively. In addition to trichloroacetic acid in A water plant from the raw water, the other HAAs came from different treatment processes. The total haloacetic acids (HAA(6)) concentration of different treated processes in A water plant was 3.21 - 22.97 µg/L, mobromoacetic acid (10.40 µg/L) was the highest. Dibromoacetic acid was the highest both in B (8.25 µg/L) and C (8.84 µg/L) water plant, HAA(6) concentration was ND to 27.18 µg/L. The highest and the lowest concentration of THM(4) were found from the main distribution network of C and A water plant respectively, but the concentration of HAA(6) in the main water pipes network of A water plant was the highest, and the lowest in C water plant. The THMs concentration was 21.11 - 31.18 µg/L in C water plant and 6.72 - 8.51 µg/L in A water plant. The concentration of HAA(6) was 25.02 - 37.31 µg/L in A water plant and 18.69 - 23.32 µg/L in C water plant. The highest concentrations of brominated disinfection by-products in B and C water plant were 54.57 µg/L and 45.38 µg/L respectively, those were higher than A water plant (18.98 µg/L), and higher than the chlorinated disinfection by-products in B and C water plants (30.23 µg/L and 30.60 µg/L).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The THM(4) concentrations of finished water treated from Huangpu River was lower than finished water from the Yangtze River, while the HAAs concentrations in finish water from Huangpu River was higher than the two water plants of Yangtze River. The fluctuations of THMs and HAAs concentration in distribution network were low during transmission and distribution process.</p>

Determination of several herbicides, fungicides and estrogens in water from various treatment processes of different water plants in Shanghai by solid phase extraction-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish the solid phase extraction-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method for qualitative and quantitative determination of several herbicides, fungicides and estrogens in drinking water.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Duplicate 1 L water samples were collected from various treatment processes of different water plants. Target pollutants were extracted by XAD-2 resin from water samples and were eluted by 30% acetone-methanol. GC/MS was employed for qualitative and quantitative analysis of target pollutants.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The linear ranges of standard curves of 6 target compounds including atrazine, alachlor, 4-cumyphenol, thiabendazole, β-estradiol and ethylestradiol were 0.1 - 10 µg/ml and the R(2) values were 0.9915 - 0.9995. The detection limits, the recovery rates, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) were separately 0.01 - 0.40 µg/L, 74.0% - 112.0% and 2.3% - 14.8%. Atrazine (0.11 - 0.13 µg/L), 4-cumyphenol (0.20 - 0.35 µg/L), thiabendazole (0.92 - 1.46 µg/L), β-estradiol (1.02 - 1.32 µg/L) and ethylestradiol (0.96 - 1.66 µg/L)were all detected in raw water, post-coagulation water, post-sedimentation water and finished water using Huangpu River as water source. Alachlor was not detected in any water samples in Huangpu River. The 6 target compounds were not detected in any water samples from the water plants using Yangtse River as water source.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The methods with high sensitivity and satisfying selectivity are suitable to simultaneously qualitative and quantitative determination of target pollutants in drinking water. Concentrations of above-mentioned pollutants in drinking water coming from Huangpu River are obviously higher than in drinking water coming from Yangtze River. Thiabendazole, β-estradiol and ethylestradiol at the level of µg/L exist in drinking water coming from Huangpu River and more attention should be paid to surveillance of future.</p>