Updated treatment guideline for hormone therapy in postmenopausal women

Since menopause hormone therapy was first introduced, it has been widely used worldwide as the most effective treatment for vasomotor symptoms in menopausal women and for genitourinary syndrome of menopause. Menopause hormone therapy has been shown to prevent bone loss and fracture, but it may additionally offer various benefits for numerous other symptoms. The benefit-to-risk ratio of menopause hormone therapy is most favorable for women aged younger than 60 years or who are within 10 years of menopause onset and have no contraindications. Longer durations of therapy should be limited to patients with documented indications, such as persistent vasomotor symptoms or bone loss. For genitourinary syndrome of menopause, low-dose vaginal estrogen therapy or other therapies are recommended. Tibolone is a synthetic steroid that provides a therapeutic effect in the treatment of menopausal symptoms.

Updated treatment guideline for hormone therapy in postmenopausal women

Since menopause hormone therapy was first introduced, it has been widely used worldwide as the most effective treatment for vasomotor symptoms in menopausal women and for genitourinary syndrome of menopause. Menopause hormone therapy has been shown to prevent bone loss and fracture, but it may additionally offer various benefits for numerous other symptoms. The benefit-to-risk ratio of menopause hormone therapy is most favorable for women aged younger than 60 years or who are within 10 years of menopause onset and have no contraindications. Longer durations of therapy should be limited to patients with documented indications, such as persistent vasomotor symptoms or bone loss. For genitourinary syndrome of menopause, low-dose vaginal estrogen therapy or other therapies are recommended. Tibolone is a synthetic steroid that provides a therapeutic effect in the treatment of menopausal symptoms.

Concomitant ultrasound-guided intra-gestational sac methotrexate-potassium chloride and systemic methotrexate injection in the recurrent cesarean scar pregnancy

Recurrent ectopic pregnancy of cesarean scar is very rare and its therapeutic management is still not established. We reported the first case of recurrent cesarean scar pregnancy that was successfully treated with concomitant intra-gestational sac methotrexate-potassium chloride injection and systemic methotrexate injection. This case study provides physicians with a safe and effective minimally invasive treatment option for recurrent cesarean scar pregnancy.

Vasomotor symptoms and the homeostatic model assessment of insulin-resistance in Korean postmenopausal women

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the association between vasomotor symptoms (VMS) and insulin resistance, which can be postulated by the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) index. This study involved 1,547 Korean postmenopausal women (age, 45 to 65 years) attending a routine health check-up at a single institution in Korea from January 2010 to December 2012. A menopause rating scale questionnaire was used to assess the severity of VMS. The mean age of participants was 55.22+/-4.8 years and 885 (57.2%) reported VMS in some degree. The mean HOMA index was 1.79+/-0.96, and the HOMA index increased with an increase in severity of VMS (none, mild, moderate and severe) in logistic regression analysis (beta=0.068, t=2.665, P =0.008). Insulin resistance needs to be considered to understand the linkage between VMS and cardiometabolic disorders.