Using the pre-hospital shock index multiplied by the AVPU scale as a predictor of massive transfusion and coagulopathy in patients with trauma

Objective@#This study evaluated the accuracy of the pre-hospital shock index multiplied by the AVPU scale (PSIAVPU) as a predictor of massive transfusion (MT) and traumatic coagulopathy. @*Methods@#This research was a retrospective single-center study that included patients consecutively presenting to a trauma center between 2017 and 2020. The predictive value of the PSIAVPU for MT, in-hospital mortality, and traumatic coagulopathy was measured using the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic curve. The AUC of the PSIAVPU was compared with the Reverse Shock Index multiplied by the Glasgow Coma Scale (rSIG) measured at the trauma center presentation. @*Results@#One thousand seven hundred and ninety-two patients were included, of which 163 patients (9.09%) received MT and 195 patients (10.88%) died during their hospital stay. Traumatic coagulopathy was observed in 245 patients. The AUC values for the PSIAVPU in terms of predicting MT, hospital mortality, and traumatic coagulopathy were 0.755, 0.752, and 0.736, respectively. @*Conclusion@#In patients with trauma, the predictive power of the PSIAVPU was higher than that of the prehospital shock index and was comparable to that of the rSIG. The PSIAVPU is a useful indicator that can be used easily and quickly for trauma patients at the prehospital stage.

Is the shock index a useful tool in trauma patients with alcohol ingestion?

Objective@#Alcohol consumption is a frequent risk factor for trauma. The shock index is widely used to predict the prognosis of trauma, and alcohol can influence the shock index in several ways. This study investigated the usefulness of the shock index in trauma patients who had ingested alcohol. @*Methods@#This was a retrospective, observational, single-center study. We performed a logistic regression analysis to assess the association between alcohol consumption and massive transfusions. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed to determine the predictive value of the shock index for patients who had ingested alcohol. @*Results@#A total of 5,128 patients were included in the study. The alcohol-positive group had lower systolic blood pressure and higher heart rate; consequently, the shock index in this group was higher. There was no significant difference between the proportion of the alcohol-positive and alcohol-negative groups who underwent massive transfusions and suffered hospital mortality compared to the overall proportion of patients who underwent massive transfusion based on the shock index. In the logistic regression analysis, the alcohol-negative group showed higher odds ratios for massive transfusions compared to the alcohol-positive group. The area under the ROC curve for predicting massive transfusion was 0.831 for the alcohol-positive group and 0.825 for the alcohol-negative group. However, when a cutoff value of 1 was used, the false positive rate was significantly higher in the alcohol-positive group. @*Conclusion@#The shock index is a useful tool for predicting outcomes in patients with trauma. However, in patients who have ingested alcohol, the shock index should be interpreted with caution.

Clinical analysis of endovascular management in blunt thoracic aortic injury

Objective@#Blunt thoracic aortic injury (BTAI) is a rare but fatal injury. BTAI has been treated surgically, but thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) is used as a treatment option and has shown good results. The purpose of this study was to analyze the outcomes of patients with BTAI treated using TEVAR. @*Methods@#BTAI patients who had received TEVAR for five years were analyzed. We investigated injury severity score, aortic injury site, computed tomography findings and mortality. @*Results@#We identified 17 patients, and all were diagnosed using computed tomography. Twelve patients received TEVAR as an emergency, and the remaining five patients received TEVAR delayed. The most common injury site was isthmus (82%), and the median injury severity score was 33. There were 15 cases with a BTAI grade of 3 and two cases with a BTAI grade of 4. The mortality rate was 11.8% (n=2). @*Conclusion@#TEVAR is more meaningful because it is easier and faster and has fewer complications than thoracotomy in patients with traumatic aortic injury.

Carbon monoxide poisoning-induced type 1 Brugada electrocardiographic pattern

Carbon monoxide (CO) can cause a variety of electrocardiogram (ECG) changes. The Brugada ECG patterns are very rare in CO poisoning cases. We detected a patient with a CO-induced type 1 Brugada ECG pattern with chest pain. The panel genetic test and echocardiogram revealed normal findings. The Brugada phenocopy gradually improved over 3 days. We reviewed the literature and suggested possible mechanisms.

Effect of vasopressin on prognosis in sepsis shock

Objective@#This study analyzed the relationship between the timing of vasopressin treatment and the prognosis ofpatients with septic shock. @*Methods@#Patients who were admitted to a university hospital for one year using vasopressin were studied retrospectively.All records were collected through the medical records; several factors were studied to determine the prognosis of thepatient. The 24-hour, 48-hour mortality, and hospital mortality were examined. The difference in the timing of vasopressinadministration between death and survival patients was analyzed to determine the effect of the vasopressor on the survivalrate using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. @*Results@#The general characteristics of the patients in the hospital and survivors were similar. Vasopressin infusion wasfaster in the surviving patients than in the death patients, but there was no significant difference (survival, 187.0 minutes;interquartile range [IQR], 95.0-548.0 minutes vs. death, 285.5 minutes; IQR, 92.7-739.2). To determine the effect of vasopressorinjection on the survival rate, the ROC curve was drawn, and the area under curve was not affected significantlyby norepinephrine (NE) 0.416 and vasopressin 0.529. In addition, the duration of the ventilator application was found toincrease with increasing NE injection period in survivors (period of application of ventilator: NE injection time, r=0.460,P=0.048; vasopressin, r=0.369, P=0.120). @*Conclusion@#The prognosis was similar regardless of the timing of vasopressin in patients with septic shock.

Comparison of medical resources usage between young adult patients and elderly patients: a single center, retrospective observational study

OBJECTIVE@#Under the overcrowding conditions of large emergency departments, the proportion of elderly patients is increasing in Korea. This paper describes the necessity of the preparedness of Korean emergency departments and society for the rapidly aging population.@*METHODS@#This was a retrospective observational study. Patients who presented to a tertiary hospital emergency department (ED) in one year were included. The use of medical resources between young adult (≥20 and <65 years of age) and elderly patients (≥65 years of age) was compared.@*RESULTS@#This study included 26,712 patients. The young adult group and the elderly group was 15,021 (56.2%) and 11,691 (43.8%), respectively. The ratio of firehouse ambulance visit mode (28.6%) and inter-facility transfer visit mode (18.9%) of the elderly group was higher compared to those of the young adult group (26.4% and 10.6%, P<0.001). The elderly group visited more at daytime (P<0.001). With aging, the admission ratios of the elderly group to the general ward (38.9%) and intensive care unit (13.0%) were higher than the young adult group (9.8% and 4.3%, P<0.001). The mean ED length of stay and mean length of hospitalization of the elderly group was longer than that of the young adult group (P<0.001). The medical cost of the elderly group was approximately three times higher than that of the young adult group.@*CONCLUSION@#Elderly patients required more emergency medical resources in both the prehospital and hospital stages. Korean emergency departments and society require efforts for not only expansion but also the appropriate use of medical resources in a rapidly aging population.

Changes in Relative Importance of the 5-Level Triage System, Korean Triage and Acuity Scale, for the Disposition of Emergency Patients Induced by Forced Reduction in Its Level Number: a Multi-Center Registry-based Retrospective Cohort Study

BACKGROUND: The 5-level triage tool, the Korean Triage and Acuity Scale (KTAS), was developed based on the Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale and has been used for triage in all emergency medical institutions in Korea since 2016. This study evaluated the association between the decrease in level number and the change in its relative importance for disposition in the emergency department (ED). METHODS: Using the registry of the National Emergency Department Information System (NEDIS) ver. 3.1, data regarding consecutive emergency patients from March 2017 to October 2017 were reviewed retrospectively. Reconfiguring KTAS levels, a total of 15 multinomial logistic regression models (KTAS_0 to KTAS_14), including the KTAS, its variants, and covariates were constructed to determine significant factors affecting ED disposition. The relative importance of each model was obtained using a dominance analysis. RESULTS: A total of 79,771 patients were included in the analysis. In the model KTAS_0, the KTAS and 8 covariates were found to be significantly related to ED disposition. The KTAS and the decision maker of each ED visit, whether it was the physician or others, had the largest relative importance, 34.8% and 31.4%, respectively (P < 0.001). In other models of KTAS variants, including 4-level, 3-level and 2-level, the rates of the KTAS decreased to 31.8% (interquartile range [IQR], 28.9–34.2), 26.4% (IQR, 23.2–31.0), and 18.7% (IQR, 7.5–24.9), respectively (P = 0.016). On the other hand, the rates for covariates tended to be larger for smaller triage levels and so there was a significant interaction effect between the KTAS and the covariates according to the triage level (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The 5-level triage tool, the KTAS, had the largest relative importance among the predictors affecting ED disposition only at its original level. Therefore, it is recommended that no attempt should be made to reduce the number of levels in the triage tool.

The Usefulness of the mPTS (modified pediatric trauma score) and Newly Developed Extended mPTS as a High Risk Pediatric Trauma Patients Screening Tool: Support of Two Tiered Trauma Team Activation System

PURPOSE: A secondary triage tool for pediatric trauma patients, “modified pediatric trauma score (mPTS)” was introduced to predict high risk trauma. METHODS: Pediatric trauma patients (≤15 years) presenting to the Pusan National University Hospital trauma center emergency department were analyzed retrospectively. The patients were classified into high risk and low risk groups. The high risk group was assigned an Injury Severity Score ≥12, death, intensive care unit admission, or urgent intervention (intubation, closed thoracostomy, emergency angiography and embolization, emergency surgery). The airway, blood pressure, fractures, level of consciousness, and external wounds were evaluated and the mPTS was calculated. RESULTS: One hundred seventy-seven patients were enrolled in this study. The mPTS had a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 88%, 54%, 60%, and 85%, respectively. Overtriage and undertriage was 39% and 14%, respectively. The mPTS missed 6 high risk patients and all 6 patients were abdominal injury patients. The mPTS was modified to include an abdominal physical examination and/or focused assessment with sonography for trauma. The newly developed scoring system was called the extended mPTS (E-mPTS). The E-mPTS had a sensitivity of 98% and negative predictive value of 98%. The safe level of overtriage (38%) was maintained. CONCLUSION: mPTS was applied to the patients and the undertriage rate was too high. The extended mPTS improved undertriage to 2% while maintaining the overtriage rate at a safe level. The E-mPTS is expected to have a resource saving effect when used as a pediatric trauma team activation standard.

Validity of the Newly Developed Five Level Pediatric Triage System Implemented in a Children's Hospital Emergency Department

PURPOSE: Korean Acuity and Triage Scale (KTAS) has been used nationally since 2016 for triage in emergency departments. After the newly developed triage tool was applied, there have been few studies of the validity of pediatric KTAS. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity of KTAS in children under the age of 15 who visited a single children's hospital. METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted on 7,011 pediatric patients under the age of 15 who visited a single child hospital between January 1 and December 31, 2016, the difference in the admission rate, intensive care unit admission rate, length of stay in the emergency department, and total hospital cost in emergency department were analyzed using the KTAS level. RESULTS: The number of patients triaged as KTAS IV was highest with 48.2%. The length of stay was longest in KTAS I and shortest in KTAS V. The medical cost in emergency department was highest in KTAS I and lowest in KTAS V. All dependent variables except for the intensive care unit admission rate showed significant differences according to the KTAS level. CONCLUSION: When the KTAS of the newly developed five level triage system was applied to pediatric patients, there were statistically significant difference in hospitalization, length of stay in emergency department, and total cost to the emergency department according to the KTAS level. Therefore, it will be necessary to evaluate the validity of KTAS through multicenter studies including hospitals with various characteristics.

Acute appendicitis caused by foreign body ingestion

Foreign bodies usually do not cause complications and pass through the gastrointestinal tract spontaneously. Usually endoscopic intervention is recommended within 24 hours. Cases of acute appendicitis caused by foreign bodies are very rare. In our case, we experienced successful endoscopic and surgical treatment of a patient with ingestion of razor blade and some unrecognizable foreign bodies. A 22-year-old soldier was admitted with a small quantity of hematemesis and epigastric pain. We performed emergent endoscopy and successfully removed several foreign bodies. After 17 days, we performed appendectomy to remove the remaining foreign body and to relieve the symptoms. There is no doubt that endoscopic intervention is definitely useful method to remove foreign bodies. If there is no spontaneous drainage of the foreign body from the appendix, an appendectomy must be considered to remove the foreign body and prevent surgical complications such as appendicitis, periappendiceal abscess, and perforation.

High-frequency Chest Wall Oscillation Therapy: Clinical Effectiveness in the Patients with Pulmonary Contusion / 대한구급학회지

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary contusion is the most common pulmonary parenchymal injury in blunt chest trauma and may constitute a life-threatening thoracic injury. In this study, we evaluated the usefulness of high-frequency chest wall oscillation (HFCWO) therapy in patients with pulmonary contusion. METHODS: Patients with lung contusion either received HFCWO therapy using the Vest system (Vest group; n = 18) or received conventional chest physiotherapy (non-Vest group; n = 23). The physiological parameters of the patients, length of stay in hospital and ICU, and the duration of mechanical ventilation were compared between the two groups. Variables, including pulmonary contusion score, percentage of patients receiving mechanical ventilation therapy, and PaO2/FiO2 ratio, were also analyzed. RESULTS: The pulmonary contusion score was higher in the Vest group (p < 0.01), and mechanical ventilation was used more frequently in the Vest group (p = 0.027). Improvement in the PaO2/FiO2 ratio over the first 48 h did not differ between the Vest and Non-Vest groups. No significant differences in the physiological parameters, hospital and ICU stays, and duration of mechanical ventilation were observed between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The therapeutic effect of the Vest system in patients with pulmonary contusion was similar to that of conventional chest physiotherapy. Therefore, the Vest system could be considered as an airway clearance technique in the management of patients with pulmonary contusion.

Analysis of the Clinical Features and Prognostic Factors in Sea Water Drowning Patients

PURPOSE: Drowning is a common preventable cause of accidental death. Although many studies about drowning injuries have been conducted, most are related to freshwater drowning. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical features and prognostic factors in seawater drowning patients. METHODS: This study was performed retrospectively with sea water drowning patients who visited the emergency department at Pusan National University Hospital between January 2005 and December 2009. RESULTS: In total, 51 sea water drowning patients presented at the emergency department with a mean age of 48.65+/-15.40 years. The survival group included 42(82.4%) patients, and the death group was comprised of nine patients(17.6%). Fifteen patients arrested in the field, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was performed. Median immersion time in the death group was 15.0 minutes (range, 9.5~22.5 minutes). Among the death group, five patients had respiratory acidosis and nine showed pulmonary edema on a chest X-ray. Initial sodium level in the survival group was 146.30 mEq/L (range, 142.38~152.60 mEq/L), but the level was normalized with isotonic saline. CONCLUSION: Most drowning injuries occurred at night and in relatively young aged patients. CPR in the field did not result in good outcomes because of the longer immersion time. The death group had respiratory acidosis. Because the survival group did not show significant hypernatremia, isotonic saline as an initial fluid was thought to be appropriate. Drowning injuries occur differently based on geographic and social characteristics; therefore, local characteristics should be considered to establish preventive measures.