Autorreporte de salud y su relación con la obesidad en adultos de México y Argentina, 2018 / Self-rated health and its relation with obesity among adults in Mexico and Argentina, 2018

INTRODUCCIÓN: Existe evidencia de que el autorreporte de salud está relacionado con la obesidad, aunque la asociación estaría mediada por las enfermedades o condiciones que afectan la salud o por el sexo o la edad de la persona. En países con elevadas prevalencias de obesidad en adultos, como México o Argentina, es fundamental estudiar la relación entre el autorreporte de salud y la obesidad para comprender los factores que afectan la autoevaluación. El objetivo fue determinar esa relación en adultos de 50 y más años de México y Argentina. MÉTODOS: Este estudio transversal analizó la salud autoevaluada en forma global respecto de la definición de obesidad según el índice de masa corporal. Los datos provinieron de la ronda 2018 del Estudio Nacional de Salud y Envejecimiento en México y de la cuarta Encuesta Nacional de Factores de Riesgo 2018 de Argentina. Se construyeron modelos de regresión logit ordinal con probabilidades proporcionales parciales para determinar la relación entre el autorreporte y la obesidad, ajustando por variables socioeconómicas y de salud. RESULTADOS: Se asoció menor probabilidad de un autorreporte de salud buena ante la presencia de obesidad, pero esto solo fue significativo en mujeres. DISCUSIÓN: Es necesario explorar las diferencias entre mujeres y hombres que atañen a la relación entre el autorreporte de salud y la obesidad, así como la percepción o valoración cultural o social de la obesidad diferenciada por sexo en adultos de México y Argentina.

Factores de riesgo cardiovascular y condiciones socioeconómicas y sociodemográficas en México, 2000 - 2018 / Cardiovascular risk factors and socioeconomic and sociodemographic conditions in Mexico, 2000 ­ 2018

Resumen Introducción: En países de ingresos altos, el nivel socioeconómico se relaciona con diferencias en la prevalencia e incidencia de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular. En países de ingresos medios como México, la evidencia es menor por lo que el objetivo del estudio fue estimar las tendencias en las prevalencias de seis de los principales factores modificables de riesgo cardiovascular; a saber, diabetes, hipertensión arterial, colesterol elevado, consumo de tabaco, consumo de alcohol y obesidad, según el nivel de condiciones socioeconómicas en el hogar y su asociación con determinados factores sociodemográficos entre personas adultas de 20 y más años en el periodo 2000-2018. Método: Los datos se obtuvieron de cuatro encuestas de salud de tipo transversal, representativas a nivel nacional. Con muestras individuales de cada encuesta, se estimaron las prevalencias de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Con un análisis por conglomerados se determinaron tres niveles de condiciones socioeconómicas. En cada muestra, con regresiones logísticas, se estimaron las prevalencias de cada factor de riesgo, según el nivel socioeconómico determinado por cada conglomerado ajustando por sexo, edad y escolaridad. Resultados: A diferencia de la diabetes, la hipertensión, el colesterol o la obesidad, el consumo de tabaco y de alcohol ha disminuido. La obesidad, la hipertensión arterial, el consumo de tabaco o de alcohol y el colesterol elevado mostraron diferencias entre los niveles alto y bajo de condiciones socioeconómicas en los cuatro puntos analizados, pero no la diabetes. Conclusión: Deben consolidarse programas y políticas enfocadas a la modificación, atención y tratamiento médico de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular.

Abstract Introduction: In high-income countries, socioeconomic status is related to differences in the prevalence and incidence of cardiovascular risk factors. In middle-income countries like Mexico, the evidence is less so the objective of the study was to estimate the trends in the prevalences of six of the main modifiable cardiovascular risk factors: diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, tobacco use, alcohol use, and obesity, according to the level of socioeconomic conditions at home among adults 20 years of age and over in the period 2000 - 2018. Method: The data were obtained from four nationally representative cross-sectional health surveys. With individual samples from each survey, the prevalences of cardiovascular risk factors were estimated. With a cluster analysis, three levels of socioeconomic conditions were determined. In each sample, with logistic regressions, the prevalences of each risk factor were estimated according to the socioeconomic level determined by each cluster, adjusting for sex, age, and education. Results: Unlike diabetes, hypertension, cholesterol or obesity, tobacco and alcohol consumption have decreased. Obesity, arterial hypertension, tobacco or alcohol consumption and high cholesterol showed differences between the high and low levels of socioeconomic conditions in the four points analyzed, but not diabetes. Conclusion: Programs and policies focused on the modification, care and medical treatment of cardiovascular risk factors should be consolidated.

Autorreporte de salud de los adultos mayores en México, 2012-2018 / Autorrelato de saúde em idosos no México, 2012-2018 / Self-assessed health of older adults in Mexico, 2012 - 2018

El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar los efectos de determinados factores sociodemográficos y de la salud en las trayectorias del autorreporte de salud de las personas mayores en México. Con datos del Estudio Nacional de Salud y Envejecimiento en México 2012-2018, se estimaron las trayectorias mediante modelos de estados latentes de Markov. Los resultados indican que, tanto en mujeres como en hombres hay tres trayectorias, las cuales fueron constantes incluso ajustando por variables sociodemográficas y de la salud. Sin embargo, el arreglo residencial, la multimorbilidad o los síntomas depresivos tuvieron efectos negativos sobre la probabilidad de un autorreporte de salud positivo. Estos resultados sugieren que, si bien debe profundizarse el análisis de los factores asociados con las trayectorias del autorreporte de salud, los arreglos residenciales, las múltiples enfermedades crónicas o la depresión tienen efectos longitudinales en la salud autoevaluada de los adultos mayores en México.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar os efeitos de certos fatores sociodemográficos e de saúde nas trajetórias de autorrelato de saúde de idosos no México. Com dados do Estudo Nacional de Saúde e Envelhecimento no México 2012-2018, as trajetórias foram estimadas usando modelos de estado latente de Markov. Os resultados indicam que existem três trajetórias, tanto para mulheres quanto para homens, que foram constantes mesmo ajustando para variáveis sociodemográficas e de saúde. No entanto, arranjo residencial, multimorbidade ou sintomas depressivos tiveram efeitos negativos sobre a probabilidade de um autorrelato positivo de saúde. Esses resultados sugerem que, embora a análise dos fatores associados às trajetórias definidas deva ser aprofundada, arranjos residenciais, múltiplas doenças crônicas ou depressão têm efeitos longitudinais na autoavaliação da saúde de idosos no México.

The objective of this research was to analyze the effects of certain sociodemographic and health factors on the self-assessed health trajectories of older adults in Mexico. With data from the Mexican Health and Aging Study 2012-2018, trajectories were estimated using Markov latent state models. The results indicate that, in both women and men, there are three trajectories which were constant, even adjusting for sociodemographic and health variables. However, residential arrangement, multimorbidity, or depressive symptoms had negative effects on the likelihood of a positive self-report of health. These results suggest that, although the factors associated with the defined trajectories of self-rated health, should be analyzed further, residential arrangements, multiple chronic illnesses or depression have longitudinal effects on the self-assessed health of older adults in Mexico.

Age as a predictor of embryo quality regardless of the quantitative ovarian response

Background: One determining factor of a successful in vitro fertilization [IVF] cycle is embryo quality. The aim of the present study was to evaluate associations of embryo quality and reserve markers like age, FSH and AMH

Materials and Methods: In this prospective study, 120 infertile women, aged 21-44 years, undergoing routine exploration during an unstimulated cycle preceding assisted reproductive technology [ART] at our center were studied prospectively, from February 2011 to December 2014. Descriptive parameters and patient characteristics were reported as mean [SD] or median [range] depending on the distribution. Student's t test was performed for continuous variables, Wilcoxon and Pearson's Test were used for not distributed variables and Fisher's Test was performed for categorical variables. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant

Results: Overall, at the time of investigation, patients had a mean age of 33.03 +/- 4.15 years old. On cycle day three, serum anti-Mullerian hormone [AMH] level was 3.50 +/- 1.54 ng/mL, serum follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH] level was 6.29 +/- 1.53 mUI/ mL, at baseline, women had 16.57 +/- 7.0 antral follicles. The mean of collected oocytes was 11.80 +/- 5.25, embryo I+II was 2.46 +/- 2.11. A greater number of embryos I+II was observed in young patients. By evaluating 120 patients, a significant relationship was observed between age and FSH [r=0.24, P=0.01], age with AMH [r=-0.22, P=0.02], age with collected oocytes [r=-0.23, P=0.03] and age with embryo I+II [r=-0.22, P=0.03]. A significant relationship was also observed between antral follicle count [AFC] and AMH [r=0.29, P=0.01], AFC and the number of transferred embryo [r=-0.18, P=0.03], AFC and total dose of the drugs [r=-0.23, P=0.03]. Significant relationship of FSH with total dose of drugs [r=0.19, P=0.02] was also observed. In addition, we determined significant relationships between AMH and the number of collected oocytes [r=0.38, P=0.01], AMH and the number of metaphase II oocytes [r= 0.35, P=0.01], AMH and the number of embryo [r=0.19, P=0.04] as well as AMH and total dose of the drugs [r=-0.25, P=0.01]

Conclusion: Commonly used clinical markers of ovarian reserve are reflection of the ovarian reserve, while the outcome measurements of ART and age are the best predictors of embryo quality

Antibody Production, Anaphylactic Signs, and T-Cell Responses Induced by Oral Sensitization With Ovalbumin in BALB/c and C3H/HeOuJ Mice

PURPOSE: Two mouse strains, BALB/c and C3H/HeOuJ, broadly used in the field of food allergy, were compared for the evaluation of the allergenic potential of ovalbumin (OVA). METHODS: Sensitization was made by administering 2 different OVA doses (1 and 5 mg), with cholera toxin as Th2-polarizing adjuvant. Antibody levels, severity of anaphylaxis, and Th1 and Th2 responses induced by the allergen were assessed. In addition, because the mice selected had functional toll-like receptor 4, the influence of contamination with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the immunostimulating capacity of OVA on spleen cells was also evaluated. RESULTS: Both strains exhibited similar susceptibility to OVA sensitization. The 2 protein doses generated similar OVA-specific IgE and IgG1 levels in both strains, whereas C3H/HeOuJ mice produced significantly more IgG2a. Oral challenge provoked more severe manifestations in C3H/HeOuJ mice as indicated by the drop in body temperature and the severity of the anaphylactic scores. Stimulation of splenocytes with OVA led to significantly higher levels of Th2 and Th1 cytokines in BALB/c, and these were less affected by protein contamination with LPS. CONCLUSIONS: The antibody and cytokine levels induced by OVA in BALB/c mice and the observation that BALB/c spleen cell cultures were more resistant than those of C3H/HeOuJ mice to the stimulus of LPS make this strain prone to exhibit Th2-mediated food allergic reactions and very adequate for the study of the features of OVA that make it allergenic.