Ultrasonographic Measurement Of Renal Dimensions: It’s Correlation With Body Surface Area In Adults

Introduction: Ultrasound is the first imaging modality used to assess the kidneys and renal tract due to its easyaccessibility, lack of radiation and low cost. The size of kidney is considered an important indicator for variousclinical signs. Ultra-sonographic measurement of renal dimensions such as length, breadth and thickness areimportant parameters in diagnosis and management of kidney diseases as there is a close proximity betweenrenal size and its function.Aim: The aim of the present study was to ascertain the renal dimensions in adult by ultrasonography and tocorrelate with somatic parameters like age, sex, height and body surface area.Methods: This study was carried out on 118 patients (51 male & 67 female) taking measurements of 236 kidneyshaving no radiologic evidence of renal diseases. Renal dimensions of right were compared with the left. Thevolume of the kidney was correlated with age, sex, height and body surface area.Results: The present study revealed that the volume of left kidney was more than the right in both male andfemale. The size of kidney in male was larger than female. The volume of kidney showed linear relationship withthe body surface area both in male and female. However, volume of kidneys decreased from sixty years of age.Conclusion: Measurements of renal dimensions can be obtained quickly and easily with ultrasonography havingadvantage of not exposing the patients to ionizing radiation. This allowed us to find differences in relation toage, sex, weight and height. There is a gender difference in adult kidney sizes. The renal length is correlated bestwith height and body surface area.

Protective effect of Clerodendrum colebrookianum leaves against iron-induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity in Swiss albino mice.

Liver toxicity due to iron overload leads to oxidative damage of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids which in turn manifests several human diseases. Here, we evaluated the improving effect of Clerodendrum colebrookianum leaf on iron overload induced liver injury along with in vitro iron chelation and the protection of Fenton reaction induced DNA damage was conducted. Iron overload was induced by intraperitoneal administration of iron-dextran into mice. Post oral administration of different doses of the extract (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) showed significant decrease in different biochemical markers such as liver iron, serum ferritin and serum enzyme levels, along with decreased lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and collagen content. In addition, the extract effectively enhanced the antioxidant enzyme levels and also exhibited the potential activity of the reductive release of ferritin iron. The protective effect of C. colebrookianum extract on injured liver was furthermore supported by the histopathological studies that showed improvement histologically. In conclusion, the present results demonstrated the hepatoprotective efficiency of C. colebrookianum leaf in iron overloaded mice, and hence, a potential iron chelating drug for iron overload diseases.

Corpus callosum hypogenesis with interhemispheric cyst: a case report.

Agenesis or hypogenesis of Corpus callosum with interhemispheric cyst is a rare entity. Origin of interhemispheric cyst is controversial. These cysts may be Arachnoid cyst, neuroepithelial cyst, or extension of lateral or third ventricles. Here we describe a case of Corpus callosal hypogenesis with an interhemispheric cyst. Associated aqueductal stenosis and schizencephaly is also present. Interhemispheric cyst is communicating with lateral ventricle and the cyst has MRI signal intensity similar to CSF. This case supports the theory that the interhemispheric cyst is an ependymal cyst and is consequence of increased intraventricular pressure due to aqueductal stenosis.

Role of apoptosis-inducing factor (Aif) in the T cell lineage.

Multiple checkpoints regulating finely balanced death-versus-survival decisions characterize both thymic development and peripheral homeostasis of T lymphocytes. While exploring the mechanisms of T cell death involved at various stages during the life of a T cell, we have observed and reported a variety of non-redundant roles for apoptosis inducing factor (Aif), a mitochondrial flavoprotein. Aif is ubiquitously expressed in all cell lineages and functions as an NADH oxidase in its mitochondrial location. It is released following the mitochondrial death signals, whereupon it translocates to the nucleus, binds to DNA and causes large-scale DNA fragmentation. During T cell development, Aif is important for developing thymocytes to navigate the double negative (DN)3 to DN4 transition (beta-selection), via its oxidoreductase property which protects the rapidly proliferating cells from death due to reactive oxygen species (ROS). In peripheral mature T cells, Aif deficiency leads to an increased susceptibility of T cell blasts to activation induced cell death (AICD), possibly mediated by its antioxidant function, and decreased sensitivity to neglect-induced death (NID). Thus, Aif seems to have pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic roles in the same lineage in different contexts and at different stages. Surprisingly, in the closely related B lymphocyte lineage, Aif deficiency does not result in any abnormality. These findings generate the possibility of specific T cell dysfunction in human disease caused by Aif deficiency, as well as in mitochondriopathies due to other causes. Also, these data raise questions regarding the basis of lineage-specific consequences of the dysfunction/deficiency of apparently ubiquitous molecules.