Catatonic Schizophrenia: Impact of Family Members on Patient Outcome

Background: Schizophrenia is defined by basic and recurring cognitive and perceptual abnormalities, as well as inappropriate or dulled affect. And catatonic schizophrenia is characterized by prominent psychomotor disturbances. Methodology: The study was conducted in the months of November and December 2021. The researcher had used a qualitative approach to understand the impact of family members on patient with catatonic schizophrenia. The researcher took permission from the hospital and consent from the patient and his family members to conduct the study. Results: The results indicated that there was an avoid in relapse while staying with low expressed emotion family and the yielded results were similar to decades of research on schizophrenia and EE families. Conclusion: This study proves that there is an impact of family members on patient outcome.

Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Prostate: An Update

Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mp-MRI) has emerged as an important tool for the detection and characterization of prostatic lesions. It now plays a quintessential role in the surveillance, diagnosis, and staging of prostate cancer (PCa), as well as for the detection of local recurrence. As reliance on serum prostate-specific antigen has declined in the recent times, mp-MRI has emerged as the go-to tool for urologists all over the world. Hence, for the clinician, it has become necessary to be well versed with the technique, image interpretation, and fallacies of mp-MRI. Since mp-MRI has the advantage of better contrast resolution, combining PSMA PET (prostate-specific membrane antigen–positron emission tomography) with MRI could provide additional functional information. However, due to the absence of enough evidence supporting its routine use, mp-MRI still has the unsurpassed role in the initial diagnosis and local staging of PCa.

Pelvic mature cystic teratoma with neuroendocrine carcinoma: Report of a rare association and review of literature.

Extra-gonadal malignant transformation of teratoma is rare and there are only a few reports available citing malignancy arising in the non-germ cell components. We hereby report a case of a 35-year-old female, who presented with lower backache with a radiologically identifi able mass lesion in the pre-sacral region. Clinical and radiological fi ndings suggested the possibility of a cystic teratoma. Histopathological examination and relevant immunohistochemical tests detected a mature cystic teratoma with features of a grade 2 neuroendocrine tumor in it. Like the index case, most of the previously reported cases of teratoma with malignant transformation of the somatic components were found in extra-gonadal site. This case is being reported to emphasize that any extra-gonadal mass in reproductive age group, even if it appears radiologically and per-operatively benign, must be subjected to histopathological examination to rule out possibility of malignant transformation of the germ cell or non-germ cell components.

MRI contrast media: What clinicians need to know.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an imaging modality that uses the differential spinning of protons (hydrogen) in the body when exposed to an external magnetic field, to produce crosssectional images of the body. The advent of MRI is a boon to mankind as it does not involve ionizing radiation and provides superior soft tissue contrast even without administration of contrast media. The contrast media used in MRI were developed many years after MRI was already in use, the first being gadopentetate dimeglumine—a non-specific extracellular gadolinium chelate. Extracellular agents are the most widely used, although tissue-specific agents have been developed and are used as problem-solving tools in specific conditions. Tolerance to gadolinium-based contrast agents is excellent. The tissue-specific agents do have some adverse effects, though none of them are life-threatening. However, identification of a condition called nephrogenic systemic fibrosis has forced a rethink about the liberal usage of MRI contrast agents.

Acute necrotizing encephalopathy.

Acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANEC) is a rare disease well recognized in Japan but has not yet been reported from Indian subcontinent. We describe here a case of ANEC with the neuroimaging findings. P. vivax infection was detected as an associated finding and the treatment given.

Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: A review of the new conundrum.

Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis is an idiopathic, sclerosing condition that occurs only in patients who have impaired renal function. Although its most conspicuous manifestation is in the skin, the condition involves multiple organ systems and is potentially fatal. Its postulated association with gadolinium-based magnetic resonance contrast agents has attracted attention. The distinctive clinical features of this entity include a prodromal systemic inflammatory syndrome followed by a chronic course of fibrosis that has a predilection for the skin and subcutaneous tissues of the extremities. The progressive systemic fibrosing process involves multiple organs and contributes to the morbidity and the increased mortality. Appropriate preventive action, prompt recognition and timely reporting of cases may enable better management of this condition.

Pyle metaphyseal dysplasia.

Pyle type metaphyseal dysplasia is a rare autosomal recessive disease that primarily affects metaphyses. We report a 12 year old boy with Pyles disease. He had mild facial dysmorphism, genu valgum and wasting of legs. Skeletal radiology revealed the characteristic Erlenmeyer flask sign at distal femoral and proximal tibial metaphyses along with platyspondyly.

Endovascular management of hepatic hemorrhage and subcapsular hematoma in HELLP syndrome.

Spontaneous intrahepatic hemorrhage with or without subcapsular extension is a rare and grave complication of pregnancy. We present a 22-year-old lady in whom liver rupture was noted on emergency caesarian section and later confirmed on contrast-enhanced CT scan. She gradually recovered following selective hepatic angiography and embolization.

Thoracic application of multi-detector CT.

Multi-detector CT (MDCT) is the latest advancement in the field of medical imaging. It has considerable advantage over single-detector helical CT in the form of shorter acquisition time, greater coverage, and superior image resolution. All these factors substantially increase the diagnostic accuracy of the examination by providing state-of-the-art image quality. Three-dimensional (3D) isotropic volume imaging is possible with MDCT and, it provides an excellent anatomy of the thorax thereby increasing the diagnostic yield comprehensively. With the advent of MDCT, there is paradigm shift in vascular imaging from conventional catheter angiography to MDCT angiography as this technique provides image quality that equals or surpasses that of conventional angiography. Recent advances in 3D volume rendering allows a fly through the tracheobronchial tree and the thoracic great vessels generating virtual endoscopic views in real-time. It is also helpful in imaging the musculo-skeletal system and the thoracic cage.

Pre-operative diagnosis of Meckel's diverticulum: report of a case and review of literature.

Meckel's diverticulum represents a patent omphalomesenteric duct at its junction with the ileum. Although it is a common anomaly, it is often a surgical surprise as the preoperative diagnosis is seldom established. We present an unusual case where the constellation of imaging findings was so typical that we could suggest this diagnosis prospectively and it was subsequently confirmed surgically.